[Born] November 17, 1922. New York, New York. Biochemist. In 1986, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (→Nobel Prize) with Rita Levi-Montalcini for their research on endogenous substances that affect the development of nerve and skin tissue. After graduating from Brooklyn College in 1943, he received a master's degree from Oberlin College in 1945 and a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Michigan in 1948. In 1952, he joined Levi-Montalcini's research team at Washington University in St. Louis, where he contributed to the isolation of nerve growth factor (NGF), a natural substance discovered by Levi-Montalcini that stimulates the growth of nerve cells (neurons) and nerve fibers. He also discovered another growth factor from a chemical extract containing NGF. Cohen discovered that this substance opened the eyes of newborn mice and caused them to sprout teeth within a few days, and named it epidermal growth factor (EGF). He also discovered that EGF affects various developmental events in the body and the mechanism by which it is taken up and acts on individual cells. In 1959, he moved to Vanderbilt University in Nashville, where he became a professor in 1967 and retired as professor emeritus in 2000. He received the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award in 1986 and was inducted into the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Hall of Fame in 2007. Cohen Cohen, Hermann Born: July 4, 1842, Kosbih Died April 4, 1918. Berlin German Neo-Kantian philosopher, founder of the Marburg School. Also known as Cohen. After receiving a Hebrew religious education as a German Jew, he studied philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences. He obtained his doctorate at the University of Halle. In 1876, he succeeded Lange as professor at the University of Marburg. In 1912, he resigned to become professor at the Jewish University in Berlin. He built his own idealistic system based on his thoroughgoing logical interpretation of Kant. He viewed all cultural phenomena as pure productions of consciousness, and developed logic, ethics, and aesthetics by exploring the laws of pure consciousness in cultural production. He believed that pure thought and pure will produce content from the roots of the self, and that pure emotion produces aesthetics based on thought and will. In his later years, he was dissatisfied with ethics and turned to understanding religion, questioning the relationship between God and the individual. His major works include Kant's Theory of Empiricism (1871), The Logic of Pure Knowledge (1902), Ethics of Pure Will (04), and The Aesthetics of Pure Feelings (12). Cohen Cohen, Theodore Born: May 31, 1918, New York [Died] December 21, 1983, New York. An American businessman who formulated Japan's labor policy after World War II. After writing his master's thesis on the Japanese labor movement in 1939, he formulated labor policies for the occupation of Japan in the Strategy Bureau from 1941 to 1944 and the Foreign Economic Bureau from 1945. He then served as Chief of the Labor Section of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) from 1946 to 1947, where he formulated the basic concept of Japan's labor policy after the war and directed its implementation. In particular, he significantly reformed the conservative structure of the Japanese economy, such as enacting the Labor Standards Act, expelling militarist leaders from the labor world, and establishing the Ministry of Labor. From 1947 to 1950, he was appointed Economic Advisor to the Director-General of the Economic and Scientific Bureau of GHQ, where he played an important role in determining the single exchange rate and stabilizing the Japanese economy. After marrying a Japanese woman, he worked for about 20 years from 1953 to 1973 as Vice President of M. Eglaisman & Sons and General Manager of Marshall Scott & Co. (1954 to 1973). In 1973, he retired from business and became an economic adviser to the Mexican government. His major work is The Third Tu: The Americans and the Rebirth of Japan (83). Cohen Cohen, Paul Joseph Born: April 2, 1934 in Long Branch, New Jersey [Died] March 23, 2007. Stanford, California. American mathematician. In set theory, he proved that the continuum hypothesis, which relates to the "largeness" and "smallness" of sets, is independent of other axioms, and received the Fields Medal in 1966. In 1938, Kurt Gödel proved the "consistency of the continuum hypothesis," which states that "if the axioms of set theory are not contradictory, then the continuum hypothesis can be used as an axiom without causing any contradictions," but it was unclear whether the continuum hypothesis itself was correct or not. In 1963, he proved the "independence of the continuum hypothesis," which states that the continuum hypothesis cannot be proven within the axioms of set theory, and that adding the continuum hypothesis as an axiom to the axioms does not cause any new contradictions, even if the negation of the continuum hypothesis is added as an axiom to the axioms. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1958, and after stints at the University of Rochester, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, he moved to Stanford University in 1961. He became a professor at Stanford University in 1964, and became a professor emeritus in 2004. Cohen Cohen, Morris Raphael Born: July 25, 1880 in Minsk, Russia [Died] January 29, 1947, Washington DC, USA Russian-born American philosopher and legal philosopher. He studied at the City University of New York and Harvard University, and was a professor at the University of Chicago from 1938 to 1941. He critically examined various concepts of law based on empirical methodology. His major works include Reason and Nature (1931), A Preface to Logic (45), and Reason and Law (50). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |