Cohen, Stanley

Japanese: コーエン(英語表記)Cohen, Stanley
Cohen, Stanley
[Born] November 17, 1922. New York, New York. Biochemist. In 1986, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (→Nobel Prize) with Rita Levi-Montalcini for their research on endogenous substances that affect the development of nerve and skin tissue. After graduating from Brooklyn College in 1943, he received a master's degree from Oberlin College in 1945 and a doctorate in biochemistry from the University of Michigan in 1948. In 1952, he joined Levi-Montalcini's research team at Washington University in St. Louis, where he contributed to the isolation of nerve growth factor (NGF), a natural substance discovered by Levi-Montalcini that stimulates the growth of nerve cells (neurons) and nerve fibers. He also discovered another growth factor from a chemical extract containing NGF. Cohen discovered that this substance opened the eyes of newborn mice and caused them to sprout teeth within a few days, and named it epidermal growth factor (EGF). He also discovered that EGF affects various developmental events in the body and the mechanism by which it is taken up and acts on individual cells. In 1959, he moved to Vanderbilt University in Nashville, where he became a professor in 1967 and retired as professor emeritus in 2000. He received the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award in 1986 and was inducted into the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Hall of Fame in 2007.

Cohen
Cohen, Hermann

Born: July 4, 1842, Kosbih
Died April 4, 1918. Berlin German Neo-Kantian philosopher, founder of the Marburg School. Also known as Cohen. After receiving a Hebrew religious education as a German Jew, he studied philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences. He obtained his doctorate at the University of Halle. In 1876, he succeeded Lange as professor at the University of Marburg. In 1912, he resigned to become professor at the Jewish University in Berlin. He built his own idealistic system based on his thoroughgoing logical interpretation of Kant. He viewed all cultural phenomena as pure productions of consciousness, and developed logic, ethics, and aesthetics by exploring the laws of pure consciousness in cultural production. He believed that pure thought and pure will produce content from the roots of the self, and that pure emotion produces aesthetics based on thought and will. In his later years, he was dissatisfied with ethics and turned to understanding religion, questioning the relationship between God and the individual. His major works include Kant's Theory of Empiricism (1871), The Logic of Pure Knowledge (1902), Ethics of Pure Will (04), and The Aesthetics of Pure Feelings (12).

Cohen
Cohen, Theodore

Born: May 31, 1918, New York
[Died] December 21, 1983, New York. An American businessman who formulated Japan's labor policy after World War II. After writing his master's thesis on the Japanese labor movement in 1939, he formulated labor policies for the occupation of Japan in the Strategy Bureau from 1941 to 1944 and the Foreign Economic Bureau from 1945. He then served as Chief of the Labor Section of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) from 1946 to 1947, where he formulated the basic concept of Japan's labor policy after the war and directed its implementation. In particular, he significantly reformed the conservative structure of the Japanese economy, such as enacting the Labor Standards Act, expelling militarist leaders from the labor world, and establishing the Ministry of Labor. From 1947 to 1950, he was appointed Economic Advisor to the Director-General of the Economic and Scientific Bureau of GHQ, where he played an important role in determining the single exchange rate and stabilizing the Japanese economy. After marrying a Japanese woman, he worked for about 20 years from 1953 to 1973 as Vice President of M. Eglaisman & Sons and General Manager of Marshall Scott & Co. (1954 to 1973). In 1973, he retired from business and became an economic adviser to the Mexican government. His major work is The Third Tu: The Americans and the Rebirth of Japan (83).

Cohen
Cohen, Paul Joseph

Born: April 2, 1934 in Long Branch, New Jersey
[Died] March 23, 2007. Stanford, California. American mathematician. In set theory, he proved that the continuum hypothesis, which relates to the "largeness" and "smallness" of sets, is independent of other axioms, and received the Fields Medal in 1966. In 1938, Kurt Gödel proved the "consistency of the continuum hypothesis," which states that "if the axioms of set theory are not contradictory, then the continuum hypothesis can be used as an axiom without causing any contradictions," but it was unclear whether the continuum hypothesis itself was correct or not. In 1963, he proved the "independence of the continuum hypothesis," which states that the continuum hypothesis cannot be proven within the axioms of set theory, and that adding the continuum hypothesis as an axiom to the axioms does not cause any new contradictions, even if the negation of the continuum hypothesis is added as an axiom to the axioms. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1958, and after stints at the University of Rochester, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, he moved to Stanford University in 1961. He became a professor at Stanford University in 1964, and became a professor emeritus in 2004.

Cohen
Cohen, Morris Raphael

Born: July 25, 1880 in Minsk, Russia
[Died] January 29, 1947, Washington DC, USA
Russian-born American philosopher and legal philosopher. He studied at the City University of New York and Harvard University, and was a professor at the University of Chicago from 1938 to 1941. He critically examined various concepts of law based on empirical methodology. His major works include Reason and Nature (1931), A Preface to Logic (45), and Reason and Law (50).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1922.11.17. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
アメリカ合衆国の生化学者。神経や皮膚組織の発達に影響を与える体内生成物質の研究で,1986年リタ・レビ=モンタルチーニとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞(→ノーベル賞)を受賞した。1943年ブルックリン・カレッジを卒業後,1945年オーバーリン・カレッジで修士号を,1948年ミシガン大学で生化学の博士号をそれぞれ取得。1952年セントルイスのワシントン大学でレビ=モンタルチーニの研究チームに加わり,そこでレビ=モンタルチーニが発見した,神経細胞(ニューロン)や神経線維の成長を刺激する天然物質,神経成長因子 NGFの単離に貢献した。また NGFを含む化学抽出物から別の成長因子も発見した。コーエンはこの物質がマウスの新生児の目を開き,数日間で歯を生やすことを発見,上皮成長因子 EGFと名づけた。さらに EGFが体内のさまざまな発生事象に影響を与えていること,個々の細胞に取り込まれて作用するメカニズムも発見した。1959年ナッシュビルのバンダービルト大学に移り,1967年教授,2000年に名誉教授として退任した。1986年アルバート・ラスカー基礎医学研究賞を受賞,2007年には国立小児保健発育研究所 NICHDの栄誉の殿堂入りを果たした。

コーエン
Cohen, Hermann

[生]1842.7.4. コスビヒ
[没]1918.4.4. ベルリン
ドイツの新カント派哲学者,マールブルク学派の創立者。コーヘンとも呼ぶ。ユダヤ系ドイツ人としてヘブライ的宗教教育を受けたのち,哲学,数学,自然科学を学ぶ。ハレ大学で学位を取得。 1876年ランゲの跡を継いでマールブルク大学教授。 1912年辞してベルリンのユダヤ教大学教授。徹底した論理主義によるカント解釈から,独自の観念論的体系を築く。文化現象をすべて意識の純粋生産と見,文化的生産における純粋意識の法則性を探って論理学,倫理学,美学を展開。純粋思惟と純粋意志は自己の根源から内容を産出し,思惟と意志を前提に純粋感情が美的生産を行うとみる。晩年は倫理学にあきたらず宗教の理解へ向い,神と個人の関係を問う。主著は『カント経験理説』 Kants Theorie der Erfahrung (1871) ,『純粋認識の論理学』 Logik der reinen Erkenntnis (1902) ,『純粋意志の倫理学』 Ethik des reinen Willens (04) ,『純粋感情の美学』 Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls (12) 。

コーエン
Cohen, Theodore

[生]1918.5.31. ニューヨーク
[没]1983.12.21. ニューヨーク
第2次世界大戦後日本の労働政策を立案したアメリカの実業家。 1939年日本の労働運動に関する修士論文を執筆後,41~44年戦略局,45年外国経済局で,対日占領政策における労働政策を立案。その後,46~47年にわたり連合国総司令部 GHQ労働課長に就任し,戦後日本の労働政策の基本構想を策定し,その実施に向けて指揮をとった。特に労働基準法の制定,軍国主義的指導者の労働界からの追放,労働省の設置など,日本経済の保守的な構造を大幅に改革した。 47~50年には GHQ経済科学局長付経済顧問に任命され,単一為替レートの決定や日本経済の安定化にも重要な役割を果した。日本女性と結婚後,53~73年の約 20年間にわたり M.エグレイスマン・サン社副社長およびマーシャル・スコット社支配人 (1954~73年) として活動。 73年には実業界を引退し,メキシコ政府の経済顧問に就任した。主著『日本占領革命』 The Third Tu: MacArthur,the Americans and the rebirth of Japan (83) 。

コーエン
Cohen, Paul Joseph

[生]1934.4.2. ニュージャージー,ロングブランチ
[没]2007.3.23. カリフォルニア,スタンフォード
アメリカ合衆国の数学者。集合論において集合の「大小」に関する連続体仮説が他の公理から独立していることを証明,1966年のフィールズ賞を受賞した。クルト・ゲーデルが 1938年に,「集合論の公理系が矛盾していなければ,連続体仮説を公理としても矛盾を起こさない」という「連続体仮説の無矛盾性」を証明したが,連続体仮説自体が正しいのか否かは不明だった。1963年,集合論の公理系のなかでは連続体仮説の証明はできず,その公理系に連続体仮説を公理として付け加えても,その否定を公理として付け加えても新しい矛盾は起こらないという「連続体仮説の独立性」を証明した。1958年にシカゴ大学で博士号を取得,ロチェスター大学,マサチューセッツ工科大学 MIT,プリンストン高等研究所を経て,1961年にスタンフォード大学に移る。1964年同大学の教授となり,2004年に名誉教授。

コーエン
Cohen, Morris Raphael

[生]1880.7.25. ロシア,ミンスク
[没]1947.1.29. アメリカ,ワシントンD.C.
ロシア生れのアメリカの哲学者,法哲学者。ニューヨーク市立大学,ハーバード大学に学び,1938~41年シカゴ大学教授。経験主義的な方法論に基づいて,法についての諸観念を批判的に考察した。主著『理性と自然』 Reason and Nature (1931) ,『論理学序説』A Preface to Logic (45) ,『理性と法』 Reason and Law (50) 。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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