This is the study of the relative motion of machines, focusing only on the movement of the machine, without considering the forces applied to the machine, and studying its framework, that is, its mechanism. It is an important branch of mechanical engineering. When considering mechanisms, the strength of each part of the machine is assumed to be infinitely large, and wear, deformation, and destruction are not taken into account. Therefore, the relative motion of a mechanism is determined geometrically, regardless of the material. No matter how complex a machine may appear, if you disassemble each part appropriately and consider only its basic movements, it is often made up of a combination of relatively simple mechanisms. Basic mechanisms include linkages, cam devices, gear devices, and transmission devices. A linkage is made up of a combination of several links, and its basic form is a four-bar rotary linkage in which the ends of the four links are pin-connected to each other. When the longest link in this linkage is fixed and the shortest link is rotated, the link opposite it will make a reciprocating motion. This is called a lever-crank mechanism. By changing the fixed link, a double-crank mechanism in which two opposing links rotate, or a double-lever mechanism in which two links make a reciprocating motion can be obtained. A lever-crank mechanism in which the length of the lever is set to zero is called a slider-crank mechanism, and is used in steam engines and internal combustion engines. In addition, by using cams and gears, it is possible to create a variety of mechanisms, such as parallel motion, intermittent motion, fast-return motion, and planetary gear devices. [Hidetaro Nakayama] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
機械の相対運動を、機械に加わる力を考えないで、機械の動きにのみ注目し、その骨組、すなわち、からくりを研究する学問。機械工学の重要な一分野である。機構を考えるときには、機械各部の強度は無限に大きいものとし、摩耗、変形、破壊などは考えない。したがって、機構の相対運動は材料には関係なく、幾何学的に決まってしまう。機械はいかに複雑にみえても、各部分を適当に分解し、基本的な運動のみに注目して考察すると、比較的簡単な機構の組合せからできている場合が多い。基本的機構としては、リンク装置、カム装置、歯車装置、伝動装置などがある。 リンク装置は、いくつかのリンクの組合せからなるもので、その基本は四つのリンクの端を互いにピン結合した四節回転リンク装置である。このリンク装置で最長のリンクを固定し、最短のリンクを回転させると、このリンクに相対するリンクは往復運動をする。これを、てこクランク機構という。固定するリンクをかえると、二つの相対するリンクが回転する両クランク機構、二つのリンクが往復運動をする両てこ機構が得られる。てこクランク機構のうち、てこの長さをゼロにしたものがスライダークランク機構で、蒸気機関や内燃機関の機構である。このほか、カムや歯車を利用し、平行運動、間欠運動、早戻り運動、遊星歯車装置など、さまざまな機構をつくりだすことができる。 [中山秀太郎] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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