A cell's transformation movement accompanied by the formation of pseudopodia. It is useful for the movement of the cell body and for predation, and is most typically seen in the protozoan amoebae, but is also seen in many animals and some plants. In amoebas, plasmodium of myxomycetes, and migratory cells such as white blood cells, the cell body moves by attaching pseudopodia to the bottom, but in foraminifera, actinopodium, and macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system of vertebrates, the free pseudopodia are only useful for feeding by stretching and bending. Cells that make up the tissues of higher organisms do not normally exhibit amoeboid movement, but they do exhibit this type of movement in tissue culture, during embryo development, and after cancer. The number and shape of the pseudopodia vary depending on the type of cell, and the pattern of movement varies accordingly, but amoebae have been studied extensively. In amoebae, there is a gel-like transparent exoplasm and a granular exoplasm inside a thin outer skin called the plasmalemma, and these are surrounded by a sol-like endoplasm. The endoplasm constantly flows forward, and when it reaches the tip of the pseudopodia it gels and is incorporated into the granular exoplasm. At the rear end of the cell, the ectoplasm becomes a sol and replenishes the endoplasm. The cell body moves as a result of the above-mentioned endoplasmic flow and adhesion and release from the plasmalemma's bottom sediment. There are several theories about the mechanism of endoplasmic flow, and it has not yet been clarified, but it has been suggested that it may involve the contraction and relaxation of the actin-myosin system, which requires ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source and calcium ions as a control factor. The axolotls of sunfish contain microtubules, and it has been suggested that they may be involved in the birth and death of pseudopodia. [Shoji Baba] ©Shogakukan "> Characteristics of Amoeba Proteus Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
仮足形成を伴う細胞の変形運動。細胞体の移動と捕食に役だち、原生動物のアメーバでもっとも典型的なものがみられるほか、多くの動物と、ある種の植物が示す。アメーバ類、変形菌類の変形体、白血球などの遊走細胞では仮足を底質に付着させて細胞体の移動運動を行うが、有孔虫類、放射偽足類、脊椎(せきつい)動物の細網内皮系のマクロファージなどでは遊離性の仮足を伸縮・屈曲させて摂餌(せつじ)に役だてるだけである。高等な生物の組織を構成する細胞は通常アメーバ運動を示さないが、組織培養下、胚(はい)発生時、また癌(がん)化によりこの種の運動を示す。仮足の数・形は細胞の種類により変異し、これに伴い運動の様式もさまざまであるが、アメーバ類についてよく研究されている。アメーバでは、プラスマレンマとよぶ薄い外皮の内側にゲル状の透明外質、顆粒(かりゅう)外質があり、これらに包まれてゾル状の内質がある。内質は絶えず前方に流動し、仮足先端に達するとゲル化して顆粒外質に取り込まれる。細胞後端では外質がゾル化して内質を補充する。前記の内質の流動と、プラスマレンマの底質との粘着・遊離の結果として細胞体の移動がおこる。内質の流動の機構には諸説があり、まだ解明されていないが、エネルギー源としてATP(アデノシン三リン酸)、制御因子としてカルシウムイオンを必要とするアクチン―ミオシン系の収縮・弛緩(しかん)の関与が示唆されている。なおタイヨウチュウの有軸仮足には微小管があり、仮足の生滅への関与が示唆されている。 [馬場昭次] ©Shogakukan"> アメーバ・プロテウスの形質 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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