Eye muscles - Gankin

Japanese: 眼筋 - がんきん
Eye muscles - Gankin

Muscles related to eye movement can be broadly classified into extraocular muscles and intrinsic muscles. The extraocular muscles are voluntary (striated) muscles that attach to the external wall of the eyeball and to the bony wall around the optic foramen at the back of the orbit and move the eyeball in various directions according to will. There are four rectus muscles and two oblique muscles: the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique. The names of the muscles refer to the parts where they are attached to the eyeball, and each muscle runs forward to attach to the eyeball. The superior oblique runs along the inside of the orbit, passing through a fibrocartilaginous ring near the orbital edge, i.e., the trochlea, and then bending more than 90 degrees to attach to the upper lateral part of the eyeball. This muscle causes the eyeball to rotate inward (inward) and simultaneously abduct and depress. The inferior oblique attaches to the anterior medial edge of the orbit, runs outward along the orbital floor, and attaches to the lateral surface of the eyeball. This muscle causes the eyeball to rotate outward as well as abduct and adduct.

The intrinsic eye muscles are involuntary muscles found in the iris and ciliary body. There are two types of muscles in the iris that regulate the size of the pupil; when the sphincter pupillae contracts, the pupil constricts, and when the dilator pupillae contracts, the pupil dilates. When the ciliary muscle contracts, the ciliary zonules, which are normally pulled, relax, resulting in a convex lens. The nerves that control the eye muscles are the oculomotor nerve for the superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique muscles, the trochlear nerve for the superior oblique muscle, and the abducens nerve for the lateral rectus muscle. The intrinsic eye muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

[Reference item] | Orbital socket | Voluntary muscle
Name of eye muscles
©Shogakukan ">

Name of eye muscles


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

眼球の運動に関係する筋で、大別すると外眼筋と内眼筋とに分類できる。外眼筋は眼球の外部壁と眼窩(がんか)後部の視神経孔の周辺の骨壁とに付着し、眼球を意志に従っていろいろの方向に動かす筋で、随意筋(横紋筋)である。外眼筋には4個の直筋と2個の斜筋とがある。すなわち、上直筋、下直筋、内側直筋、外側直筋と、上斜筋、下斜筋である。筋の名称は眼球に付着している部位をさしており、各筋は前方へと走って眼球に付着する。上斜筋は眼窩の内側を走り、前方で眼窩縁近くの線維軟骨性の輪、つまり滑車を通り抜けて90度以上大きく屈曲し、眼球の上外側部につく。この筋で眼球は内旋(内方回転)と同時に外転と下転の運動を行う。下斜筋は眼窩の前内側縁につき、眼窩底を外側に向かって走り、眼球外側面に付着する。この筋で眼球は外旋(外方回転)と同時に外転と上転の運動を行う。

 内眼筋は虹彩(こうさい)と毛様体とにある筋で、不随意筋である。虹彩には瞳孔(どうこう)の大きさを調節する2種類の筋があり、瞳孔括約筋が収縮すれば瞳孔が縮小し、瞳孔散大筋が収縮すると瞳孔は散大する。毛様体筋が収縮すると、通常は引っ張られている毛様体小帯が緩み、その結果、水晶体が凸状となる。眼筋を支配する神経は、上直筋、下直筋、内側直筋、下斜筋が動眼神経、上斜筋が滑車神経、外側直筋が外転神経である。内眼筋は自律神経の支配を受ける。

[嶋井和世]

[参照項目] | 眼窩 | 随意筋
眼筋の名称
©Shogakukan">

眼筋の名称


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