Ostwald dilution law

Japanese: オストワルトの希釈律 - おすとわるとのきしゃくりつ(英語表記)Ostwald dilution law
Ostwald dilution law

This law was discovered in 1888 by F. W. Ostwald of Germany regarding the relationship between the dilution degree (concentration) of an electrolyte solution and the degree of ionization. It is also simply called the dilution law. When an electrolyte solution is diluted, the degree to which the electrolyte molecules dissolved in water ionize and become ions (degree of ionization) gradually increases. Equilibrium (ionization equilibrium) is established between the non-ionized electrolyte molecules and the ionized ions, and the law of mass action applies. This is the dilution law. For example, when acetic acid is dissolved in water, some of the acetic acid molecules become ions and ionization equilibrium is reached.

CH3COOHH + + CH3COO-
Applying the law of mass action (where [ ] indicates concentration),

or

The V of this is called the dilution factor.

Here, K is the ionization constant, c is the electrolyte concentration, and α is the degree of ionization. Ostwald found that K = Λ 2 c / Λ (Λ ∞ - Λ ), which corresponds to α = Λ / Λ (where Λ is the electrical conductivity of the solution when infinitely diluted, and Λ is the electrical conductivity at a certain concentration ), closely matches the experimental results of dilute solutions of weak electrolytes.

[Toda Genjiro and Nakahara Katsunori]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電解質溶液の希釈度(濃度)と電離度との関係についてドイツのF・W・オストワルトが1888年にみいだした法則。単に希釈律ともいう。電解質溶液を希釈していくと、水に溶けた電解質分子が電離してイオンになる度合い(電離度)がしだいに大きくなる。電離していない電解質分子と電離したイオンの間には平衡(電離平衡)が成立し、質量作用の法則が適用される。これが希釈律である。たとえば、酢酸の場合、これを水に溶かすと、酢酸分子の一部はイオンになり電離平衡に達する。

  CH3COOHH++CH3COO-
質量作用の法則を適用すると([ ]は濃度を示す)、

あるいは

Vをとって希釈度とよび

と表すこともある。ここでKは電離定数、cは電解質濃度、αは電離度を表す。オストワルトはα=Λ/Λ(無限に希釈したときの溶液の電気伝導度をΛ、ある濃度のときのそれをΛとする)としたときに相当するKΛ2c/Λ(ΛΛ)が、弱電解質の希薄溶液の実験結果とよくあうことをみいだした。

[戸田源治郎・中原勝儼]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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