Generally speaking, it means comfort, beauty, elegance, and joy, but in reality it is a word that has matured historically as one of the concepts embodying the basic content of urban and rural planning in the UK along with its creation and development. Amenity has three different lineages and phases. The first lineage is connected to the movement of the working class and social reformists against various environmental sanitation problems such as pollution, infectious diseases, and overcrowding that occurred in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution, and the public health laws and housing laws that were enacted in the process. This first phase was established as a basic condition for human survival and a system of minimum standards, as extremely unsanitary conditions in urban and residential environments such as air and water pollution, noise and vibration, poor lighting and sewage, and overcrowding destroyed the health and lives of the working class and residents and posed a threat to their survival. The second is the lineage that is connected to the middle-class preservation movement for valuable historical buildings, outstanding natural scenery, and open spaces, and the legislation for their preservation. The widespread environmental destruction that accompanied rapid and disorderly industrialization and urbanization, on the other hand, evoked an endless yearning for things of historical value and outstanding natural beauty, and the preservation of these became a strong demand and concern for the wealthy and middle classes. Artists, architects, and historians took the lead in this movement, and amenity became synonymous with historical and natural environments of outstanding value, and became the preservation philosophy. The third is a lineage that began with the utopian movement to build ideal cities, was passed on to the garden city and new town construction movements, and was connected to the improvement of living environments in suburban residential areas for the middle class and urban areas for the working class, the community building movement, and related legislation. This third phase is in a position to mediate and combine the first and second phases, and was formed as a term to mean a comfortable and beautiful living environment with a high level of quality, such as lush greenery and sunshine, well-organized public facilities and open spaces, and elegant housing, as represented by the image of a garden city. In this way, amenity has matured in the UK as a composite concept that represents a minimum standard for public health, the concept of preserving the historical and natural environment, and the quality of the environment in community building. In Japan today, too, the term is gradually spreading to more and more regions as a phrase that embodies a "healthy and cultural living environment," or in other words, "environmental quality," and is quickly becoming established as a goal for "creating livable towns and cities." [Moriaki Hirohara] "Amenity and Urban Planning" by David L. Smith, translated by Masato Kawamukai (1977, Kashima Publishing Co.)" ▽ "Environmental Conservation and Landscape Creation" by Yukio Nishimura (1997, Kashima Publishing Co.)" ▽ "Amenity and Historical/Natural Heritage" edited by the Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies (2000, Toyo Keizai Inc.)" [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般的には快適さ、美しさ、上品さ、喜ばしさなどを意味するが、実体的にはイギリスの都市・農村計画の生成と発展に伴い、その基本内容を体現する概念の一つとして歴史的に成熟してきたことばである。 アメニティは、三つの異なった系譜と相をもっている。第一は、産業革命時の工業都市に集中的に発生した公害、伝染病、過密居住など各種の環境衛生問題に対する労働者階級や社会改良主義者の運動、およびその過程で成立してきた公衆衛生法や住居法に連なる系譜である。大気と水の汚染、騒音と振動、採光や下排水の不良、過密居住など都市環境と住居環境の非衛生きわまりない状態が、労働者階級や住民の健康と生命を破壊し、生存の危機をもたらすなかで、人間が生存していくための基本的条件であり、かつ最低基準の体系として成立してきたのが、この第一の相である。 第二は、貴重な歴史建造物や卓越した自然景観、オープンスペースなどに対する中産階級の保存運動、およびその保存立法に連なる系譜である。急激で無秩序な工業化と都市化に伴う広範な環境破壊は、その一方で、歴史的に価値あるもの、優れた自然美などへの限りない憧憬(しょうけい)を呼び起こし、それらの保全は富裕層や中産階級の強い要求と関心事となった。芸術家、建築家、歴史学者などがその先頭にたち、アメニティは卓越した価値をもつ歴史的環境や自然環境の代名詞となり、保存理念となった。 第三は、ユートピア主義者の理想都市建設運動に始まり、田園都市、ニュータウン建設運動に受け継がれ、そして中産階級の郊外住宅地や労働者階級の市街地での住環境整備、コミュニティづくり運動、およびその関連立法に連なる系譜である。この第三の相は、ちょうど第一と第二の相を媒介しかつ結合する位置にあり、田園都市のイメージに代表される豊かな緑と太陽、整った公共施設とオープンスペース、瀟洒(しょうしゃ)な住宅など、高度の質をもつ快適で美しい生活環境を意味することばとして形成された。 このようにアメニティは、イギリスにおいて公衆衛生上のミニマム、歴史・自然環境の保存理念、コミュニティづくりにおける環境の質を表す複合概念として成熟してきたが、今日の日本でも、「健康で文化的な生活環境」すなわち「環境の質」をひとことで体現することばとして、しだいに多くの地域で浸透しつつあり、「住みよいまちづくり」の目標として定着しつつある。 [広原盛明] 『デイヴィッド・L・スミス著、川向正人訳『アメニティと都市計画』(1977・鹿島出版会)』▽『西村幸夫著『環境保全と景観創造』(1997・鹿島出版会)』▽『環境経済・政策学会編『アメニティと歴史・自然遺産』(2000・東洋経済新報社)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
...The source of this view was E. Kaempfer's ...
… [Coastal Voyage] The voyage follows the coastli...
An evergreen tall tree of the family Carpinaceae n...
A town in Nakagawa-gun, Hokkaido. Adjacent to Obih...
[1] A Chinese treatise. 200 volumes. Written by Ki...
One of the most important deities in Hinduism. In ...
...His eldest son, Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau (...
...Although stylistic changes occurred, from Clas...
...The flowers are about 3cm in diameter and redd...
A global sewing machine company. In 1851, Singer f...
It is the title of a piece of classical music crea...
Also known as the blue-and-white braconid wasp. An...
⇒Forbidden Zone Source: About Shogakukan Digital D...
…The emergence of commercial publishers who follo...
…[Yoshiharu Imaizumi]. … *Some of the terminology...