Stellar interferometer

Japanese: 恒星干渉計 - こうせいかんしょうけい
Stellar interferometer

A device for measuring the apparent diameter (apparent size) of a star, the apparent angular distance (apparent distance expressed in degrees) of a double star, etc. In 1921, Francis Pease (1881-1938) first measured the apparent diameter of Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) at Mount Wilson Observatory. This is called a Michelson stellar interferometer. When light emitted from a distant point source is received by two mirrors spaced a certain distance apart and overlapped at the focal point, interference fringes are visible. The spacing between these interference fringes becomes shorter as the mirror spacing is increased. In reality, stars have a finite apparent diameter, so if the mirror spacing is increased, the interference fringes will disappear at a certain point. The apparent diameter of the star is calculated from the value of the mirror spacing at this time. In the 1990s, adaptive optics technology was introduced to correct phase disturbances caused by fluctuations in the Earth's atmosphere, making it possible to observe interference fringes stably. The advent of optical and infrared interferometers, which use independent large-diameter telescopes as a single interference element, has made it possible to observe with mirrors spaced several hundred meters apart, with observations having angular diameters of less than a milliarc (mas). It has also become common to obtain stellar surface patterns by superimposing interference fringes obtained at many different distances.

Another stellar interferometer is the celestial intensity interferometer invented by Robert Hanbury Brown (1916-2002). Unlike the former, this measures the interference of light intensity fluctuations. The apparent diameter of a star is calculated from the relationship between the contrast of light and dark in the resulting interference fringes and the distance between the mirrors. This method does not require a mechanically stable device like the former. Also, the effect of atmospheric fluctuations on the interference fringes is small. Therefore, it is possible to observe with a long mirror distance and high angular resolution. However, the disadvantage of this interferometer is that it has low sensitivity because it uses a fourth-order correlation of light, not a second-order correlation from two beams like the stellar interferometer, and because of noise issues, it can only observe blue stars. It cannot measure phase, so its observational purposes are limited.

[Hiroyasu Ando]

[Reference] | Interferometer | Michelson
Principle of Michelson stellar interferometer
When light from a distant point source is received by two mirrors (M1, M2) spaced a certain distance apart and overlapped at the focal point, interference fringes are visible. The spacing between the interference fringes becomes shorter as the mirror spacing increases. If the mirror spacing is increased, at a certain point the interference fringes disappear. The apparent diameter of the star can be calculated from the mirror spacing at this point. ©Shogakukan ">

Principle of Michelson stellar interferometer


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

恒星の視直径(見かけの大きさ)、二重星の視角距離(見かけの距離を角度で表したもの)などを測定するための装置。1921年マイケルソンとピースFrancis Pease(1881―1938)が初めてウィルソン山天文台でベテルギウス(オリオン座α(アルファ)星)の視直径を測定した。これをマイケルソン式恒星干渉計という。遠方にある点光源から発した光を、ある一定の間隔だけ離した2枚の鏡で受けて焦点で重ねると、干渉縞(じま)が見える。この干渉縞の間隔は、鏡の間隔を大きくすると短くなる。実際に恒星は有限の視直径があるので、鏡の間隔を広げていくと、あるところで干渉縞が消える。このときの鏡の間隔の値から、恒星の視直径を求める。1990年代には地球大気のゆらぎによる位相の乱れを補正する補償光学技術を導入して安定した干渉縞の観測が可能となった。口径の大きな独立した望遠鏡を一つの干渉素子とする光赤外干渉計が稼働するようになり、鏡の間隔を数百メートル程度離した観測も可能になり、角視直径がミリ秒角(mas)を切る観測も行われている。多くの異なった間隔で得られた干渉縞を重ねて恒星の表面模様を求める観測も一般的になった。

 恒星干渉計にはほかにロバート・ハンブリー・ブラウンRobert Hanbury Brown(1916―2002)の考案した天体強度干渉計がある。これは前者と違って光の強度のゆらぎについての干渉を測るものである。得られる干渉縞の明暗のコントラストと鏡の間隔の関係から恒星の視直径を出す。この方式では前者ほど機械的に安定な装置でなくてもよい。また大気のゆらぎによる干渉縞への影響も小さい。そのため長い鏡間隔の観測が可能であり、高角度分解能観測ができる。しかし、この干渉計の短所は、恒星干渉計のように2つのビームからの2次の相関ではなく、光の4次の相関のため感度が低く、雑音の問題で青い星しか観測ができないことである。位相が測定できないので観測目的が限られる。

[安藤裕康]

[参照項目] | 干渉計 | マイケルソン
マイケルソン式恒星干渉計の原理
遠方の点光源からの光を一定の間隔だけ離した2枚の鏡(M1、M2)で受けて焦点で重ねると干渉縞が見える。干渉縞の間隔は鏡の間隔を大きくすると短くなる。鏡の間隔を広げていくとあるところで干渉縞が消える。このときの鏡の間隔の値から恒星の視直径を求める©Shogakukan">

マイケルソン式恒星干渉計の原理


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