Industrial property rights

Japanese: 工業所有権 - こうぎょうしょゆうけん

Industrial property rights is a translation of the French term propriété industrielle, and was first used officially in the protocol to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation in 1894 (Meiji 27). Industrial property rights are industrial intellectual property rights, and in this sense, the term industrial property rights has come to be used in recent years. There is no single right called industrial property rights, and in Japan it is usually considered to be a general term for patent rights, utility model rights, design rights, and trademark rights, but in a broader sense, industrial property rights also include trade name rights and rights based on the Unfair Competition Prevention Act (for example, there is a court decision that determined that images on a display using a computer program constitute product representations as defined by the same law).

Industrial property rights are exclusive monopolies that protect the fruits of human mental labor, such as inventions, and business goodwill, and are similar in nature to ownership rights under civil law, but differ from ownership rights whose objects are tangible things in that their objects are intangible goods. Since industrial property rights are property rights, they are permitted to be used, profited from, transferred, and inherited, and when others use these rights without permission from the right holder, injunctive relief and claims for damages are permitted against the act, and there are also criminal sanctions for infringement.

[Takino Hideo]

Industrial Property Systems and Laws

Western countries were early to institutionalize industrial property rights, and in 1883, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Convention of the League for the Protection of Industrial Property, Paris Convention) was concluded to regulate the industrial property rights systems of each country, and it proclaimed the principles of equality between Japanese and foreigners, the priority system, and the independence of patents of each country. Japan joined this convention in 1899 (Meiji 32). It is said that "technology knows no borders," but international technological exchange can only flourish if an industrial property rights system is established to protect imported technology from imitation and theft. As Japan's industrial property rights system was properly managed in accordance with the spirit of the Paris Convention, the introduction of many excellent foreign technologies that filled the long technological gap during the Second World War was smoothly promoted, and the development of independent technology was promoted. In this way, technological exchange and the industrial property rights system that supports it have greatly contributed to the development of domestic industry and, ultimately, to the improvement of the welfare of the people.

Legally, there is no single code called the Industrial Property Law or Industrial Property Law, but in the narrow sense it is a general term that includes the Patent Law, Utility Model Law, Design Law, and Trademark Law, and in the broad sense it is sometimes used as a general term that includes the Unfair Competition Prevention Law and treaties. Examples of treaties include the so-called Paris Convention, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, commonly known as PCT, and the Trademark Registration Treaty, commonly known as TRT.

[Takino Hideo]

"The Latest Industrial Property Rights Law" by Fumizo Takino (1975, Chuo University Press)" ▽ "The Evolving Industrial Property Rights System" edited by the Japan Patent Office (1975, Japan Patent Information Center)" ▽ "Outline of the Patent Law" by Kosaku Yoshifuji and revised by Kenichi Kumagai, 13th Edition (1998, Yuhikaku)" ▽ "Article-by-Article Commentary on the Industrial Property Rights Law" edited by the Japan Patent Office, 16th Edition (2001, Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

工業所有権とはフランス語のpropriété industrielleの訳語で、公式には1894年（明治27）の日英通商航海条約の議定書のなかで用いられたのが最初である。工業所有権は産業上の知的財産権であり、その意味で、近年では産業財産権という用語が使用されるようになってきた。工業所有権という単一的な権利はなく、日本では通常、特許権、実用新案権、意匠権、商標権を総称するものとされているが、広義には、商号権や不正競争防止法に基づく権利（たとえば、コンピュータ・プログラムを使用したディスプレーの影像が同法にいう商品の表示に該当するとした判例もある）なども工業所有権に含まれる。

　工業所有権は発明など人間の精神的労働の成果および営業上の信用（グッドウィル）を保護する排他的独占権であって、民法上の所有権に性質が似ているが、客体が無形の財貨である点で、有体物を客体とする所有権とは異なるものである。工業所有権は財産権なので、使用、収益、譲渡、相続が認められ、他人が権利者に無断でこの権利を利用したときは、その行為に対し差止請求や損害賠償請求が認められるほかに、侵害罪として刑事上の制裁もある。

［瀧野秀雄］

工業所有権の制度と法律

欧米各国では工業所有権をいち早く制度化し、1883年には各国における工業所有権制度の調整を図るため、内外人平等の原則、優先権制度、各国特許独立の原則をうたった「工業所有権の保護に関するパリ条約」（工業所有権保護同盟条約、パリ条約）が締結され、日本は1899年（明治32）にこの条約に加盟した。「技術に国境はない」といわれているが、導入技術を模倣や盗用から保護する工業所有権制度の確立があって初めて国際間の技術交流が盛んに行われる。日本の工業所有権制度が前記パリ条約の精神に従い健全に運営されていたことにより、第二次世界大戦の長期間にわたる技術的空白を埋める数多くの優れた外国技術の導入が円滑に進められ、自主技術の開発が促進された。このように、技術の交流、およびそれを支える工業所有権制度は、国内産業の発展、ひいては国民の福祉の向上に大きく寄与している。

　法律的には工業所有権法または産業財産権法という単一の法典はなく、狭義には特許法、実用新案法、意匠法および商標法を含めた総称であり、広義には不正競争防止法および条約をも含めた総称として用いられることがある。条約としてはいわゆるパリ条約のほか、通称PCTとよばれる特許協力条約Patent Cooperation Treaty、TRTとよばれる商標法条約Trademark Registration Treatyなどがある。

［瀧野秀雄］

『瀧野文三著『最新工業所有権法』（1975・中央大学出版部）』▽『特許庁編『進展する工業所有権制度』（1975・財団法人日本特許情報センター）』▽『吉藤幸朔著・熊谷健一補訂『特許法概説』第13版（1998・有斐閣）』▽『特許庁編『工業所有権法逐条解説』第16版（2001・発明協会）』