Public Employment Security Office - koukyoushokugyoanteisho

Japanese: 公共職業安定所 - こうきょうしょくぎょうあんていしょ
Public Employment Security Office - koukyoushokugyoanteisho

A national administrative agency established under the Employment Security Law (Law No. 141, 1947). It is called Hello Work or abbreviated as Shokuan. Historically, the first was the Salvation Army Employment Agency in Tokyo, established in 1906 (Meiji 39) from a public interest perspective. In 1911, a public employment agency was established in Tokyo, and then spread to other cities. The Employment Agency Law enacted in 1921 (Taisho 10) was the first to legalize a public employment agency system, but it did not function adequately in the face of the development of commercial employment agencies that had previously been entrusted and used by the state. The revised Employment Agency Law of 1940 (Showa 15) transferred employment agencies from prefecture or municipal management to national management, changed their name to National Guidance Centers, and made them institutions for the forced mobilization and placement of labor for the munitions industry. At the same time, commercial employment placement businesses and labor supply businesses were also integrated into the Labor Patrol Association, which was formed in 1943, and used as an institution for labor control. After World War II, fee-charging employment placement agencies were banned in principle, and free job placement services, except for schools, were left to the public employment security offices. However, with the changes in industrial structure and internationalization in the 1990s, and changes in workers' attitudes toward work, the needs related to labor supply and demand changed significantly, so in July 1999, the Employment Security Law was revised and, in principle, private fee-charging employment placement businesses were liberalized. Employment placement businesses and public employment security offices are required to strive for mutual cooperation.

Public Employment Security Offices are required to provide job seekers with as much suitable employment information as possible, from the standpoint of ensuring the freedom of occupational choice as broadly as possible. Furthermore, they are not allowed to accept job applications that violate laws and regulations. Public Employment Security Offices are making various efforts to enhance their function of job introduction in the face of an increase in the number of unemployed people, an increase in white-collar workers, growing desire for women to advance in society, and diversification of employment patterns.

Public employment security offices nationwide are linked online, and a full-scale job placement service using the comprehensive employment information system was launched in June 1988. As part of the white-collar job change support program, 12 human resources banks nationwide provide career counseling and personnel placement services to promote re-employment of middle-aged and elderly people with advanced specialized knowledge and skills, and to meet the needs of managers and engineers of small and medium-sized enterprises. The Ladies' Hello Work program was launched in 1991 with the aim of supporting women's re-employment and smooth entry into the labor market, and later developed into Mothers' Hello Work. The establishment of part-time banks and part-time satellites is also an attempt to focus on and support the diverse working styles of women. In addition, Job Cafes, which provide job placement support services for young people under the age of 34, have been set up nationwide, either in conjunction with Hello Work offices or independently.

In addition, looking at the breakdown of employment routes by employment route, those who find employment through public employment security offices account for only about 20% of the total, so continued efforts are needed to improve the function of job placement services.

[Mitomi Noriyoshi and Sasajima Yoshio]

"Commentary on the Employment Security Law" (2006), edited and published by the Labor Newspaper Company ; "Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare White Paper," annual edition (Gyosei);

[Reference items] | Employment placement system | Temporary staffing | Effective job offer ratio

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

職業安定法(昭和22年法律第141号)に基づいて設置されている国の行政機関。ハローワークとよばれ、職安と略称される。歴史的には、1906年(明治39)に公益的な見地から設立された東京市の救世軍の職業紹介所が最初である。1911年には公益職業紹介所が東京に設置され、その後各都市に広まった。1921年(大正10)に制定された職業紹介法は、初めて公的職業紹介制度を法制化したが、従来国がゆだね利用してきた営利職業紹介事業の発展を前にして十分に機能しなかった。1940年(昭和15)の改正職業紹介法は、職業紹介所をそれまでの都道府県営ないし市町村営から国営に移管し、その名称も国民指導所と改めて、軍需産業への労働力の強制的な動員と配置のための機関とした。あわせて営利職業紹介事業や労務者供給事業をも、1943年に結成された労務報国会に統合し、労務統制の機関として利用した。第二次世界大戦後には有料職業紹介所は原則的に禁止され、無料職業紹介も学校などを除いて公共職業安定所の行うところとなった。しかし1990年代における産業構造の変化や国際化、労働者の就業意識の変化などに伴って、労働力需給にかかわるニーズが大きく変化したため、1999年(平成11)7月に職業安定法が改正され、民間の有料職業紹介事業が原則自由化された。職業紹介事業者と公共職業安定所は相互協力に努めなければならないとされている。

 公共職業安定所は、職業選択の自由を可能な限り広い範囲において確保する見地から、求職者に対してはできる限り多くの適当な求人情報を提供しなければならないとされている。また、求人申込みの内容が法令に違反するときには、それを受理しないとされている。公共職業安定所は、完全失業者の増加をはじめホワイトカラーの増加、女性の社会進出意欲の高まり、就業形態の多様化などの下で職業紹介の機能を高めるべくさまざまな取組みを行っている。

 全国の公共職業安定所はオンラインで結ばれ、総合的雇用情報システムを活用した職業紹介サービスが1988年(昭和63)6月から本格的に開始されている。ホワイトカラー転職支援事業としては、全国12か所の人材銀行において高度の専門的知識・技術を有する中高年齢者の再就職の促進と、中小企業などの求める経営管理者、技術者の充足を図るための職業相談や人材紹介を行っている。レディスハローワーク事業は、女性の再就職を援助して労働市場への円滑な参入を図ることを目的に1991年度から実施され、その後マザーズハローワークに発展した。パートバンクやパートサテライトの設置も、女性の多様な働き方に注目し、これを支援するための試みである。このほか、34歳以下の若者を対象として就職支援サービスを提供するジョブカフェがハローワークと併設の形式で、あるいは独立して全国に設置されている。

 なお、公共職業安定所を経た就職は、入職者の入職経路別の構成によってみると全体の2割程度にとどまっており、職業紹介の機能を高めるための努力が、引き続き求められる。

[三富紀敬・笹島芳雄]

『労働新聞社編・刊『職業安定法の実務解説』(2006)』『厚生労働省編『厚生労働白書』各年版(ぎょうせい)』

[参照項目] | 職業紹介制度 | 人材派遣 | 有効求人倍率

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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