Zostera marina - Zostera marina

Japanese: アマモ - あまも
Zostera marina - Zostera marina

A typical marine flowering plant. It is considered to be in the Zostera family, Zostera subfamily, or Zostera family (APG classification: Zostera family). Also known as Ajimo, Moshiogusa (seaweed salt grass), and Ryugu no Otohime no Motoyuinokirihazushi (a cut-off knot of the Dragon Palace Princess's Otohime's motomusubi). It grows on shallow, sandy, muddy seabeds and forms large colonies (seaweed beds). It is a perennial plant with horizontal rhizomes and short branches that grow from the nodes and bear leaves. The leaves are thin, flat, ribbon-like, 0.5 to 1 meter long and 3 to 7 mm wide, with a leaf sheath at the base. It flowers in April to May in Honshu. Branches bearing leaves and numerous inflorescences rise from the tips of the rhizomes into the water and bloom near the water surface. The inflorescence is enclosed in a leaf sheath, and on one side of a flat axis about 10 cm long, two rows of alternating stamens and pistils are formed. The underside of the axis is empty. The stamens consist of two sessile pollen sacs (hemi-anthers). The pollen is thread-like and unusual, measuring 1-2 mm in length. The pistil consists of only one carpel and has a thin, bifurcated style. When the flower blooms, the style protrudes from the gap in the leaf sheath, and the thread-like pollen grains are wrapped around it. The seeds are elliptical with hard seed coats, no endosperm inside, and the hypocotyl is swollen to become a storage organ. The rhizomes are sweet, hence the name amamō (sweet algae). They are widely distributed in the temperate and polar zones of the northern hemisphere, and also grow under the ice of the Bering Sea.

Various plankton, small animals, young fish, and shellfish live within eelgrass colonies, and they function as a kind of fish reef. However, if they grow too large, they can pollute the seawater and become an obstacle to fishing. Leaf fragments are washed up on the shore by the waves and pile up in large quantities. In the past, some places collected these and used them as fertilizer, roofing material, stuffing for cushions, and straw mulch. Some Native American tribes eat the young shoots and leaf bases like vegetables. In Japan, eelgrass was once piled up on the beach with other seaweeds, doused in seawater many times to dry, then burned and made salt from the ashes. This is what is thought to be meant by "burning seaweed salt."

A member of the same genus , Zostera japonica Aschers. et Graebn., grows in colonies on shallow seabeds that dry up at low tide, such as in the inner recesses of bays and on tidal flats at the mouths of rivers. The leaves are long and slender, 10-40 centimetres long and 1.5-2 millimetres wide. The inflorescences are also small, about 2 centimetres long, and their most striking feature is the presence of scale-like anther septum appendages on the edges of the inflorescence axis. There are about 11 species in the Zostera genus, distributed throughout the world from the polar to tropical zones.

[Takashi Yamashita October 19, 2018]

Eelgrass
It grows in colonies on the sandy, muddy shallow seabed. It is also known as Ajimo (taste seaweed), Moshiogusa (seaweed salt grass), and Ryugu no Otohime no Motoyuinokirihazushi (a cut-off knot of Princess Otohime of the Dragon Palace). © Underwater Fort Enterprise, Isamu Soyama ">

Eelgrass

Eelgrass flower
Inflorescences line one side of the flattened axis. © Underwater Fort Enterprise, Isamu Soyama ">

Eelgrass flower


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

代表的な海産顕花植物。ヒルムシロ科アマモ亜科、またはアマモ科(APG分類:アマモ科)とされている。別名アジモ、モシオグサ(藻塩草)、リュウグウノオトヒメノモトユイノキリハズシ(竜宮の乙姫の元結の切りはずし)。砂泥質の浅い海底に生え、大きな群落(藻場(もば))をつくる。多年草で、根茎は横にはい、節から短枝を出して葉をつける。葉は細く扁平(へんぺい)なリボン状で長さ0.5~1メートル、幅3~7ミリメートルあり、基部は葉鞘(ようしょう)となる。花期は本州では4~5月。根茎の先端から葉と多数の花序とをつける枝が水中に立ち上がり、水面近くで開花する。花序は葉鞘に包まれ、長さ約10センチメートル、扁平な軸の片面だけに、雄しべと雌しべが交互に並ぶ列が2列つく。軸の裏面には何もない。雄しべは2個の無柄の花粉嚢(のう)(半葯(はんやく))からなる。花粉は糸状で、長さ1~2ミリメートルある特異なものである。雌しべはただ1個の心皮からなり、二又に分かれた細い花柱をもつ。開花時には花柱が葉鞘のすきまから外に出て、ここに糸状花粉が巻き付く。種子は楕円(だえん)形で種皮は硬く、中に胚乳(はいにゅう)はなく、胚軸が肥大して貯蔵器官となっている。根茎に甘味があるので甘藻(あまも)の名がある。世界の北半球の温帯から寒帯に広く分布し、ベーリング海の氷の下にも生えている。

 アマモの群落内にはいろいろなプランクトン、小動物、稚魚、稚貝などがすみ、一種の魚礁としての役割がある。しかし増えすぎると海水が汚れ、かえって漁業の妨げとなることがある。葉の切れ端が波で岸に打ち上げられて大量に堆積(たいせき)することがある。昔、これを集めて肥料としたり、屋根葺(ふ)き材料としたり、クッションの詰め物や敷き藁(わら)として利用する所があった。アメリカ先住民のなかには、若芽や葉の基部を野菜のように食べる部族がある。日本では昔、アマモをほかの海藻とともに砂浜に積み上げ、これに何度も海水をかけて乾燥させたのち、焼いてその灰から塩をつくったという。「藻塩(もしお)焼く」とはこのようなことをさすと思われる。

 同属のコアマモZ. japonica Aschers. et Graebn.は湾の奥や川口の干潟(ひがた)など、干潮時には干上がるような浅い海底に群落をつくる。葉は細長く、長さ10~40センチメートル、幅1.5~2ミリメートルである。花序も小さく長さ約2センチメートルで、花序軸の縁に鱗片(りんぺん)状の葯隔(やくかく)付属突起があることがもっとも著しい特徴である。アマモ属は約11種、全世界の寒帯から熱帯まで分布。

[山下貴司 2018年10月19日]

アマモ
砂泥質の浅海底に群落をつくる。別名アジモ(味藻)、モシオグサ(藻塩草)、リュウグウノオトヒメノモトユイノキリハズシ(竜宮の乙姫の元結の切りはずし)©水中フォート・エンタープライズ 楚山いさむ">

アマモ

アマモの花
扁平な軸の片面に花序が並ぶ©水中フォート・エンタープライズ 楚山いさむ">

アマモの花


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