A democratic political and legal idea that sovereignty, or the highest will of a nation, is formed by the people, and that it is the people who can decide the nation's final will. This term is the opposite of the theory of monarchical sovereignty, which holds that sovereignty resides in the monarch, and the theory of divine right of kings, which holds that the monarch's power is bestowed by God. It is also called sovereignty resides with the people. In Japan, during the time of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, the idea was that the Emperor was sacred and inviolable, and had all governing power, but the new Constitution of Japan clearly states that sovereignty resides with the people, and the foundation of democratic politics in Japan was established. The idea of popular sovereignty was first formulated by Hobbes and Locke during the two English civil revolutions (the Puritan Revolution and the Glorious Revolution) from the mid-17th century onwards. Traditionally, sovereignty was classified into three types: monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, depending on who held the power. Then, in the 16th century, French political thinker Bodin clarified the content of sovereignty by stating that the person with legislative power is the sovereign. It was Hobbes who formulated the modern theory of sovereignty. Witnessing the disastrous Puritan Revolution, he said that humans should agree to form a political society by entering into a contract in order to ensure the safety of their lives (self-preservation), and further called the person who represents all the members who formed the political society the sovereign, and encouraged people to live peacefully in accordance with the laws enacted by this sovereign. This presented the idea that the basis of power is the consent or contract of the people (the social contract), and it was Hobbes who first made the idea of popular sovereignty appear in modern times. Locke then stated that people formed a political society by entering into a contract to protect their property rights (life, liberty, and property), and that in order to run this political society well, a good legislative body must be established. This legislative body was none other than the British Parliament at the time, and Locke skillfully argued that the British Parliament had the highest power with the consent of the entire nation. In response, the French political thinker Rousseau, who wrote The Social Contract (1762) about 70 years after Locke, criticized Britain's pride and joy, parliamentary politics, saying that the "general will," or the "will of the entire people," could not be represented by anything, and that the British were only free at the time of election, and that once the election was over, they would return to slavery. This was a criticism not only of the feudal and privileged French Estates Assembly (The Three Estates General), but also of the British Parliament, which was under limited suffrage at the time, and is thought to be an advocacy of popular sovereignty, which held that in order to guarantee the realization of the "general will," all citizens must ultimately participate in politics. Here, the fictitious concept seen in the claims of popular sovereignty by the middle class was exposed to criticism, and thereafter, in each country, true popular sovereignty was defined as giving universal suffrage to adult males, and furthermore, by implementing equal universal suffrage for adult men and women, the theory of popular sovereignty developed into the theory of popular sovereignty in both name and reality. Therefore, the theory of popular sovereignty and the theory of popular sovereignty are now used almost interchangeably. After World War II, many modern capitalist countries implemented universal suffrage and realized democratic politics, but various social contradictions still remain. For this reason, socialist countries criticize that true popular sovereignty should be realized by establishing a power centered on workers and farmers, and in response, socialist parties in capitalist countries continue to make efforts to restructure parliaments into institutions that represent the interests of the entire nation and realize truly popular sovereign politics. [Hiroshi Tanaka] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
主権すなわち国の最高意志は国民によって形成される、また国の最終意志を決定できるのは国民である、という民主主義的な政治・法思想。主権は君主にあるという君主主権論や、君主の権力は神から授かったとする王権神授説(神権説)に対する語。主権在民ともいう。日本では、大日本帝国憲法時代には、天皇は神聖不可侵で、統治権を総攬(そうらん)するという考え方がとられていたが、新しい日本国憲法では、主権は国民にあることが明記され、日本における民主政治の基礎が確立された。 国民主権という考え方は、17世紀中葉以降の二つのイギリス市民革命(ピューリタン革命と名誉革命)期に、ホッブズやロックによってまずその論理が形成された。古来、主権をだれがもつかによって、君主政、貴族政、民主政の3種に分類する方法がとられてきた。ついで、16世紀のフランスの政治思想家ボーダンは、立法権をもつ者が主権者であるとして、主権の内容をより明確にした。近代的な主権理論を構成したのはホッブズである。彼は悲惨なピューリタン革命を目の前にして、人間はその生命の安全(自己保存)を図るために、契約を結び政治社会を形成することに同意せよと述べ、さらに政治社会を形成した全成員を代表する者を主権者とよび、この主権者が制定する法律に従って平和に生きることを人々に勧めた。このことは、権力の基礎は人々の同意や契約によるという考え方(社会契約)を提示したものであって、ホッブズによって、国民主権的な考え方が近代において最初に登場したのをみる。続いて、ロックは、人々は所有権(生命・自由・財産)を保護するために契約を結び政治社会を形成したと述べ、この政治社会をうまく運営するためには、よき立法部が確立されなければならないとした。そして、この立法部こそ当時のイギリス議会にほかならず、こうしてロックは、イギリス議会は全国民の同意のもとに最高権力をもつという論理を巧みに弁証したのである。これに対し、ロックから70年ほどのちに『社会契約論』(1762)を書いたフランスの政治思想家ルソーは、イギリスの誇る議会政治を批判し、「一般意志」つまり「全人民の意志」は、いかなるものによっても代行されえないこと、あるいは、イギリス人は選挙のときにだけ自由であって、選挙が終わればふたたび奴隷状態に戻る、とも述べた。このことは、封建的・特権的なフランスの身分制議会(三部会)はもとより、当時、制限選挙制のもとにあったイギリス議会をも批判したのであって、「一般意志」の実現を保障するためには、結局は、全国民が政治に参加しなければならない、という人民主権論を唱えたものと考えられる。 ここにおいて、市民階級による国民主権の主張にみられる擬制概念は批判にさらされ、以後、各国において、真の国民主権とは、成年男子に普通選挙権を与えることとされ、さらには、成年男女による男女平等普通選挙権が実施されることによって、国民主権論は、名実ともに人民主権論へと発展したのである。したがって、現在では、国民主権論と人民主権論はほぼ同じ意味に用いられている。第二次世界大戦後、現代資本主義国家の多くは、普通選挙制を実施し民主政治が実現されたが、依然としてさまざまな社会的矛盾を抱えている。このため、社会主義国家の側からは、労働者・農民を中心とする権力を設立し、真の国民主権を実現せよ、という批判がなされ、それに呼応して、資本主義国家における社会主義諸政党は、議会を全国民的な利益を代表する機関に構造改革し、真に国民主権的な政治を実現しようという努力を続けている。 [田中 浩] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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