A scleroprotein, a general term for structural proteins (proteins that form and maintain structure and form in living organisms) found in hair, nails, skin, etc. Also called keratin. It is insoluble in water and all neutral solvents. It is also resistant to the action of proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin. Keratin is separated by powdering the raw material and treating it with hot organic solvents and hot water, then removing coexisting proteins with proteolytic enzymes to leave keratin. Keratin is divided into α (alpha)-keratin group and β (beta)-keratin group, but α-keratin is the majority. The α-keratin group is characterized by a high cystine content, and the peptide chain is rich in disulfide bonds (-SS-), with a fibrous structure connected in a net-like shape. The cystine content of horns and claws is about 22%, while that of skin, hair, and wool is 10-14%. It also contains most other amino acids. The β-keratin group is what makes up the scales, claws, and beaks of reptiles and birds; it does not contain cystine, and has many glycine and alanine amino acids in its side chains. When viewed in X-ray diffraction patterns, the α-keratin group is similar to the β-keratin group, but differs from the β-keratin group in the way the polypeptide chains are twisted and wound. The α-keratin group has a structure called an α-helical structure, with all of its polypeptide chains parallel, while the β-keratin group has a structure called a β-sheet (origami structure) with hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide chains. When tension is applied to hair or when it is moistened, it stretches, and the X-ray diffraction pattern in this state is similar to that of the β-keratin group, and it appears to be in a "β-type". Keratin in this state is sometimes called β-keratin. This apparent α-β transition is reversible, and it naturally shrinks when the tension is removed. This is said to be the reason why wool is elastic, but when treated with hot water, steam, or alkali, the fibers are fixed in the "β" form and cannot shrink. Permanently set hair is in this state. As mentioned above, in addition to existing as a structural protein, it forms keratin filaments, which are one of the intermediate filaments contained in the cytoskeleton. Some skin diseases that cause blister formation are caused by mutations in the keratin gene. [Michiko Iijima] "Vought Biochemistry" by D. Vogh and J.G. Vogh, translated by Nobuo Tamiya et al. (1996, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Natural and Biopolymer Materials for the 21st Century" edited by Takeaki Miyamoto et al. (1998, CMC)" ▽ "Harper Biochemistry, 28th edition, by R.K. Murray et al., supervised translation by Yoshihito Ueda and Takao Shimizu (2011, Maruzen)" [References] | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
硬タンパク質の一つで、毛髪、つめ、皮膚などの構造タンパク質(生体内で構造・形態などを形成・保持するタンパク質)の総称。角質ともいう。水およびすべての中性溶媒に不溶である。また、ペプシン、トリプシンなどのタンパク分解酵素の作用を受けにくい。ケラチンの分離は、原料を粉末にして熱有機溶媒および熱水による処理ののち、タンパク分解酵素で共存するタンパク質を除去してケラチンを残す。ケラチンはα(アルファ)-ケラチン群とβ(ベータ)-ケラチン群に分けられるが、α-ケラチンが主である。α-ケラチン群はシスチン含有量の多いことが特徴で、ペプチド鎖はジスルフィド結合(-S-S-)に富み、網状につながった繊維構造をもつ。角(つの)やつめのシスチン含有量は約22%、皮膚、毛髪、羊毛では10~14%である。また、他のアミノ酸もほとんどのものを含む。β-ケラチン群は、爬虫(はちゅう)類、鳥類の鱗(うろこ)、つめ、嘴(くちばし)などを構成し、シスチンを含まず、側鎖のアミノ酸としてグリシン、アラニンが多い。X線回折像をみると、α-ケラチン群は互いに似ており、β-ケラチン群とはポリペプチド鎖のねじれ方や巻き方が異なる。α-ケラチン群はポリペプチド鎖がすべて平行で、α-螺旋(らせん)構造とよばれる構造をもち、β-ケラチン群はポリペプチド鎖間に水素結合をしたβ-シート(折り紙構造)とよばれる構造をもつ。毛髪などに張力をかけたり湿らせたりすると伸びるが、この状態のX線回折像は、β-ケラチン群の像に似ており、いわば「β型」をとっているようにみえる。この状態のケラチンをβ-ケラチンとよぶこともある。この見かけのα-β転移は可逆的で、張力を取り去ると自然に収縮する。羊毛が弾性を示すのはこのためとされているが、熱水、水蒸気、アルカリなどで処理すると、繊維は「β型」に固定されて収縮できなくなる。パーマネントセットされた毛髪はこの状態である。前記のように構造タンパク質として存在するほか、細胞骨格に含まれる中間径フィラメントの一つであるケラチンフィラメントを形成する。また、水疱(すいほう)形成を示す皮膚疾患にはケラチン遺伝子の突然変異が原因となっているものがある。 [飯島道子] 『D・ヴォート、J・G・ヴォート著、田宮信雄他訳『ヴォート生化学』(1996・東京化学同人)』▽『宮本武明他編『21世紀の天然・生体高分子材料』(1998・シーエムシー)』▽『R・K・マレー他著、上代淑人・清水孝雄監訳『ハーパー生化学』原書28版(2011・丸善)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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