French mathematician and mechanical engineer. Born in Metz, he studied at the École Polytechnique from 1808. In 1812, he participated in Napoleon's Russian campaign as a lieutenant in the engineering corps, but was captured by the Russian army and spent two years in a prison camp. During this time, without using any reference books, he devoted himself to the study of the projective properties of figures, which were a new phenomenon at the time. After returning home, he published the results of his thoughts in Traité des propriétés projectives des figures (1822). Projective properties refer to the properties of several points being in a straight line, or several lines passing through the same point, and do not concern themselves with length or angles. However, Poncelet studied only projective properties without using length or angles, and built the foundations of projective geometry. In the field of mechanics, he is known for proposing the modern concept of "work." He called the quantity previously called "mechanical power" or "amount of action" "mechanical work," and used the units kilogram, meter, and m to define it. He served as a professor at the University of Paris (1838-1848) and director of the École Polytechnique (1848-1850). [Kentaro Yano] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの数学者、機械工学者。メスに生まれ、1808年から理工科大学校(エコール・ポリテクニク)に学んだ。1812年、ナポレオンのロシア遠征に、工兵少尉として参加したが、ロシア軍の捕虜となり、2年間を収容所で過ごした。この間、収容所でなんらの参考書も用いずに、当時、おこりつつあった図形の射影的性質についての研究に没頭した。この思索の結果は、帰国後、『図形の射影的性質についての論述』Traité des propriétés projectives des figures(1822)として発表された。射影的性質というのは、いくつかの点が一直線上にあるとか、いくつかの直線が同一点を通るとかの性質を意味し、長さや角は問題にしないが、ポンスレは長さや角を用いずに射影的性質のみを研究して、射影幾何学の基礎を築いたのであった。 機械学の分野では、現代的な「仕事」の概念を提出したことで知られる。それ以前「機械的動力」「作用の量」などとよばれていた量を「機械的仕事」とよび、その定義にあたってキログラム・メートルkg・mの単位を用いた。パリ大学教授(1838~1848)、理工科大学校の校長(1848~1850)を務めた。 [矢野健太郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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