Crocus - crocus (English spelling)

Japanese: クロッカス - くろっかす(英語表記)crocus
Crocus - crocus (English spelling)

A bulbous plant of the Iridaceae family (APG classification: Iridaceae) planted in autumn. Approximately 80 species are distributed along the Mediterranean coast and Asia Minor. It is highly cold-resistant and is good for flower beds and potted plants. The Crocus genus is classified into six sections, but in horticulture, it is broadly divided into spring-flowering and autumn-flowering species. In Japan, autumn-flowering species are called saffron and spring-flowering species are called crocus. The corms are flat and 2-4 cm in diameter. The leaves are linear and elongate during or after flowering to a length of about 10 cm. The flowers are cup-shaped and 5-7 cm in diameter, with 2-7 flowers per plant. The flowering season is from late February to early March. If the planting depth, soil, and other growing conditions are poor, the bulbs may sprout contracting roots that expand and contract like bellows, causing them to move. Current horticultural varieties were created by crossbreeding other original species with C. vernus (L.) Hill as the main species, and the main varieties are the purple-blue Negro Boy, Early Perfection, and Remembrance, the white Jeanne Dark and Snowstorm, the yellow Mammoth Yellow, Goldie Locks, and Large Yellow, etc. The striped varieties include Striped Beauty and Striped Dawnard, which are grayish-white with purple stripes.

Propagation is by bulb division, which is planted 5 to 6 centimetres deep in October in sunny sandy loam. In June of the following year, when the flowers have finished blooming and the leaves have turned yellow, the plants are dug up and dried with the leaves still attached, after which the bulbs are separated and stored. At home, the bulbs can be left to grow for 3 to 4 years without digging them up, resulting in beautiful carpet-like blooms.

[Yoshiaki Hiragi May 21, 2019]

Cultural history

Crocus cultivation began with saffron for medicinal purposes. It was highly valued in ancient times, and the powder made from dried stigmas was used as a perfume, seasoning, dye, and medicine, as well as for eyebrow dyeing and nail polish by noble women. Some believe that the Cretan civilization before the 15th century BC flourished due to the profits from the saffron trade. It was introduced to England in the 14th century, and the saffron industry continued in southern England until the 18th century. As for crocuses as flowers, the British naturalist Gerrard recorded five varieties in 1597, and then Parkinson in 1629 recorded 27 spring-flowering varieties and four autumn-flowering varieties. By 1700, this had increased to 48 varieties.

[Hiroshi Yuasa May 21, 2019]

[References] | Saffron
Crocus
The leaves are linear and about 10cm long. From late February to early March, each plant produces 2-7 cup-shaped flowers. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Crocus


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アヤメ科(APG分類:アヤメ科)の秋植え球根草。地中海沿岸や小アジアに約80種分布する。耐寒性は強く、花壇、鉢植えによい。クロッカス属は分類学的には六つの節に分けられるが、園芸的には春咲き種と秋咲き種に大別される。日本では、秋咲き種をサフランsaffron、春咲き種をクロッカスとよんでいる。球茎は扁平(へんぺい)で、径2~4センチメートル。葉は線形で、開花時あるいは開花後に伸長させ、長さ約10センチメートル。花は径5~7センチメートルの杯形で、1株に2~7個つける。花期は2月下旬から3月上旬。植え付けの深さ、用土などの栽培環境が悪いと、蛇腹のように伸び縮みする収縮根を出し、子球が移動することもある。現在の園芸品種は、ベルヌスC. vernus (L.) Hillが中心となってほかの原種と交雑してつくられたもので、主要品種は、紫青色系のニグロボーイ、アーリー・パーフェクション、リメンブランス、白色系のジャンヌ・ダーク、スノーストーム、黄色系のマンモス・イエロー、ゴールディ・ロックス、ラージ・イエローなどがある。絞り系では灰白色に紫の縞(しま)が入るストライプト・ビューティ、ストライプト・ドーナードがある。

 繁殖は分球により、10月ころ、日当りのよい砂質壌土に深さ5、6センチメートルに植え付ける。翌年6月、花が終わり葉が黄ばんできたら株を掘り上げ、葉付きのまま乾燥し、その後、球根を分けるなどして調整し貯蔵する。なお家庭では球根を掘り上げず、3~4年据え置き栽培すると、じゅうたん状に咲き、美しい。

[平城好明 2019年5月21日]

文化史

クロッカスの栽培は、薬用としてのサフランに始まる。古代には貴重で、柱頭を乾かした粉は香料、調味料、染料、薬用のほか、高貴な女性の眉(まゆ)染めやマニキュアにも使用され、紀元前15世紀以前のクレタ文明は、サフラン貿易の利潤によって栄えたとの見方もある。イギリスには14世紀に伝えられ、以後18世紀に至るまで、イギリス南部にサフラン産業が続いた。花卉(かき)としてのクロッカスは、1597年にイギリスの博物学者ジェラードが5品種、ついで1629年にパーキンソンが27の春咲き品種と四つの秋咲き品種を記録した。それが1700年には48品種に増加した。

[湯浅浩史 2019年5月21日]

[参照項目] | サフラン
クロッカス
葉は線形で、長さ約10cm。2月下旬~3月上旬、1株に2~7個の杯形の花をつける©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

クロッカス


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