An ancient city that occupied a strategic position in northern Syria. In Roman times it was called Europos. Located on the Euphrates River, it was a military and economically important point, and was always a point of contention between the surrounding great powers. It is now a ruin. Excavations were carried out from 1911 to 1920, and it consisted of a thick double wall, a gate, a royal palace, and stone slabs with reliefs showing the eclectic style unique to northern Syria were unearthed. Its history began in the Neolithic period, and passed through the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods, and continued into the Bronze and Iron Ages and Roman periods. During this time, cuneiform documents unearthed in other cities show that it alternated between periods of being an independent city-state and periods of being a vassal of neighboring countries. Mari documents from the 18th century BC record that it exported Anatolian timber to the lower Euphrates region. Next, Hittite king Suppiluliumash I let his son rule the area as a buffer zone against Assyria, Mitanni, and Egypt. Around 1200 BCE, however, the city was invaded by the Sea Peoples and fell into a period of decline, after which a small kingdom ruled by the Aramaeans was established, and it once again flourished as a center of commerce and trade, and was the site of the occupation by Sargon II of Assyria (717 BCE) and the battle between the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II and the Egyptian army (605 BCE). Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
北シリアの要衝を占めた古代都市。ローマ時代にはエウロポスと呼ばれた。ユーフラテス川に面した軍事的・経済的要衝にあり,常に周囲の大国の係争点となった。現在は遺跡。 1911~20年発掘調査されたが,厚い2重の城壁と城門,王宮などから成り,北シリア独特の折衷的様式を示す浮彫のついた石板が出土した。歴史は新石器時代に始り,ウルク期,ジェムデット・ナスル期を経て,青銅器時代,鉄器時代,ローマ時代にいたる。その間,ほかの都市出土の楔形文字の資料により,独立した都市国家時代と周囲の国の属領時代を繰返したことがわかる。前 18世紀のマリ文書によれば,ユーフラテス川下流地域にアナトリアの木材を輸出していたことが記されている。次にヒッタイト王シュッピルリウマシュ1世はアッシリア,ミタンニ,エジプトに対する緩衝地帯としてこの地を息子に支配させた。しかし前 1200年頃「海の民」に侵入され一時衰退した。その後アラム人の支配する小王国ができ,再び通商,貿易の中心として栄え,アッシリアのサルゴン2世の占領 (前 717) ,バビロニア王ネブカドネザル2世とエジプト軍の戦い (前 605) の舞台ともなった。
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