...The old argument is that of trying to justify equal distribution between individuals, but it is difficult to find sufficient justification. In general, the concept of a social welfare function, which assigns a numerical value to the resource allocation to be evaluated according to its desirability, is used as a way to express value judgments, but K.J. Arrow's general possibility theorem is known, which states that it is impossible to construct this function in accordance with democratic procedures. This shows that the formation of social value judgments on which welfare economics is based is difficult. [Social Choice Theory]...However, the fact that this rule includes the possibility of a "voting paradox," in which even if each individual expresses a consistent judgment, the social judgment obtained by tallying up these results may produce a circular contradiction, was discovered long ago by the French Enlightenment thinker M.J. de Condorcet. K.J. Arrow's general possibility theorem, considered a classic achievement in social choice theory, demonstrates that this paradox is not a flaw specific to simple majority voting rules alone, but is in fact an unavoidable difficulty in democratic tallying rules in general. Furthermore, it has also been generally demonstrated that any tallying rule always has the potential to be manipulated to the benefit of individuals by expressing false judgments. ... *Some of the terminology explanations that mention the "General Possibility Theorem" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…古くから論議されているものは個人間の平等な配分を正当化しようとするものであるが,十分な根拠を見いだすのは困難である。一般に価値判断を表現する方法として,評価すべき資源配分にその望ましさに応じて数値を割り当てる社会的厚生関数という概念が用いられることがあるが,これを民主的手続に従って構成することは不可能であるというK.J.アローの一般可能性定理が知られている。これは,厚生経済学が基礎を置く社会的価値判断の形成には困難が伴うことを示している。… 【社会的選択理論】より…ところでこのルールは,各個人が矛盾のない判断を表明していても,それらを集計した社会的判断が循環的矛盾を生むという〈投票のパラドックス〉の可能性を含むという事実が,古くフランスの啓蒙思想家M.J.A.N.deコンドルセにより発見された。社会的選択理論における古典的成果とされるK.J.アローの一般可能性定理general possibility theoremは,このようなパラドックスは単純多数決ルールにのみ固有の欠陥ではなく,実は民主的な集計ルール一般が避けえない難点であるということを論証したものである。さらにまた,いかなる集計ルールであれ,個人による虚偽の判断表明によりその個人の利益になるように操作される可能性をつねに潜めているという事実も,一般的な論証を受けている。… ※「一般可能性定理」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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