Klaus, Václav

Japanese: クラウス(英語表記)Klaus, Václav
Klaus, Václav
Born June 19, 1941 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Czech economist and politician. Prime Minister (1993-97) and President (2003-). Graduated from the University of Economics in Prague in 1963, he became a researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and received his PhD in Economics in 1968. After working for several years at the Czechoslovak Central Bank, he began working at the Institute of Forecasting of the Academy of Sciences in 1987. He entered politics after the Velvet Revolution of 1989. He served as Minister of Finance from 1989 to 1992, and joined the Civic Forum, becoming its leader in 1990. In 1991, after the Civic Forum split, Klaus co-founded the center-right Civic Democratic Party, which he led until 2002. After the peaceful separation of the two constituent Czechoslovak republics, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, in January 1993, Klaus became Prime Minister and worked to transition the country to a free market economy. Under his leadership, the new Czech Republic achieved considerable economic growth. In 1997, he was forced to resign due to a political donation scandal linked to the Civic Democratic Party, but he continued to be active in politics and was elected as the second president in 2003.

Klaus
Kraus, Karl

Born: April 28, 1874 in Gitchin, Bohemia
[Died] June 12, 1936. Austrian poet, playwright, and critic. Born into a wealthy Jewish family, he studied at the University of Vienna. After working as an actor, he began his literary career. In 1899, he launched the magazine Die Fackel (The Torch), which he continued to work on for the rest of his life. Following his belief of "draining the swamp of empty words," he used language and style as the standard of judgment, and used satire and paradox as weapons to thoroughly criticize the decadent society, influencing Wittgenstein as well. With the outbreak of World War I, he made clear his position as a pacifist, challenged the war instigators, and wrote the lengthy play Die letzten Tage der Menschheit (1922), which prophetically described the horrors of the Nazis, and in 1933 published Die dritte Walpurgisnacht (52), which prophetically described the horrors of the Nazis. He rejected compromise and maintained his own identity as a fierce critic of the times. He also reevaluated the playwright Nestroy of the first half of the 19th century and supported young poets and writers such as Trakl and Werfel.

Klaus
Claus, Hugo

Born: April 5, 1929 in Bruges
[Died] March 19, 2008. Antwerp Belgian novelist, playwright, and poet. He was one of the leaders of the 20th century literary and artistic movement "Cobra," and a master of contemporary Belgian literature. His most famous work is the semi-autobiographical novel "Het verdriet van België" (1983), set in Flanders around the time of World War II. His other works include "Duck Hunting" (De metsiers) (1950) and "De verwondering" (1962), both of which are experimental works using various techniques. In his poetry, he also chose anti-authoritarian, sometimes shocking themes. A typical work is "Oostakkerse gedichten" (1955). His well-known plays include "Suiker" (1958) and "Vrijdag" (1969). He also showed outstanding talent as a translator, scriptwriter, theater director, and painter.

Klaus
Kraus, Charles August

Born August 15, 1875 in Knightsville, Indiana
[Died] June 27, 1967, East Providence. American chemist. After graduating from the University of Kansas, he was a researcher at Johns Hopkins University, a physics lecturer at the University of California (1901-04), an assistant professor of physical chemistry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (12), a professor of chemistry at Clark University (14), and a professor at Brown University (24-46). He is known for his fundamental research on metal solutions in liquid ammonia and research on various electrolytes. He also contributed to the development of high-performance gasoline by successfully conducting a high-pressure reaction between soda-lead alloy and ethyl chloride, which was used as an anti-knock agent. During World War II, he participated in the Manhattan Project and engaged in research on the purification of uranium salts.

Klaus
Krauss, Werner

Born: June 23, 1884 in Coburg
[Died] October 20, 1959. Vienna. Austrian actor. Appeared in many classical plays at the State Theatre in Berlin and the Burgtheater in Vienna, and showed excellent performances in Macbeth, King Lear, Richard III, etc. He also appeared in films such as "Dr. Caligari" (1919) and "Burgtheater" (37).

Klaus
Kraus, Oskar

[Born] 1872
[Died] 1942
Czechoslovakian philosopher. Professor at the University of Prague from 1916 to 1938. Starting from Franz Brentano, he took the position of value theory. His main works are "Zur Theorie des Wertes" (1901), "Franz Brentano" (19), and "Die Werttheorien" (37).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1941.6.19. チェコスロバキア,プラハ
チェコの経済学者,政治家。首相(在任 1993~97),大統領(在任 2003~ )。1963年,プラハ経済大学を卒業,チェコスロバキア科学アカデミー経済研究所研究員となり,1968年に経済学博士号を取得した。チェコスロバキア中央銀行に数年間勤務したのち,1987年には科学アカデミー予測研究所で働き始めた。1989年のビロード革命を機に政界入りする。1989~92年に財務大臣を務め,市民フォーラムに参画,1990年には党首に就任した。1991年,市民フォーラムが分裂すると,クラウスは中道右派の市民民主党の共同設立者となり,2002年まで党首を務めた。1993年1月,チェコスロバキアを構成していたスロバキアとチェコが平和裏に分離したあと首相に就任し,自由市場経済への移行に力を尽くした。クラウスの指導力のもと,新生チェコはかなりの経済成長を遂げた。1997年には市民民主党がらみの政治献金疑惑により辞任を余儀なくされたが,その後も政治活動を続け,2003年に第2代大統領に選出された。

クラウス
Kraus, Karl

[生]1874.4.28. ボヘミア,ギッチン
[没]1936.6.12. ウィーン
オーストリアの詩人,劇作家,評論家。裕福なユダヤ人の家庭に生れ,ウィーン大学で学ぶ。俳優を経て文筆生活に入った。 1899年に雑誌『たいまつ』 Die Fackelを発刊,終生この雑誌に拠って活動。「空疎な言葉の沼を干拓する」という信条に従い,言語,文体を判断の基準にして風刺,逆説を武器に,堕落した社会を徹底的に批判,ウィトゲンシュタインにも影響を与えた。第1次世界大戦勃発とともに平和主義者としての立場を明らかにし,戦争扇動者に挑戦,長大な戯曲『人類最後の日々』 Die letzten Tage der Menschheit (1922) を著わし,1933年にはナチスの恐怖を予言的に語った『ワルプルギスの第3夜』 Die dritte Walpurgisnacht (52) を発表,妥協を排し,激しい時代批判者として自己を貫いた。また 19世紀前半の劇作家ネストロイを再評価し,若いトラークル,ウェルフェルらの詩人,作家を支援した。

クラウス
Claus, Hugo

[生]1929.4.5. ブリュッヘ
[没]2008.3.19. アントウェルペン
ベルギーの小説家,劇作家,詩人。20世紀の文学・絵画の運動「コブラ」を主導した一人で,現代ベルギー文学界の巨匠。代表作は,第2次世界大戦前後のフランドルを舞台にした半自伝的な小説 "Het verdriet van België"(1983)。ほかに,『カモ猟』De metsiers(1950),"De verwondering"(1962)などがあり,いずれもさまざまな手法を用いた実験的な作品。詩作においても反権威主義的,ときに衝撃的ともいえるテーマを選んだ。その典型的作品が "Oostakkerse gedichten"(1955)である。戯曲は "Suiker"(1958),"Vrijdag"(1969)などがよく知られている。また,翻訳家,脚本家,劇場監督,画家としても優れた才能を発揮した。

クラウス
Kraus, Charles August

[生]1875.8.15. インディアナ,ナイツビル
[没]1967.6.27. イーストプロビデンス
アメリカの化学者。カンザス大学卒業後,ジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学研究員,カリフォルニア大学物理学講師 (1901~04) ,マサチューセッツ工科大学物理化学助教授 (12) を経て,クラーク大学化学教授 (14) ,ブラウン大学教授 (24~46) 。液体アンモニアの金属溶液についての基礎研究,各種電解液の研究で知られるほか,ソーダ鉛合金と塩化エチルの高圧反応を成功させ,アンチノック剤として利用することで高性能ガソリン発展に寄与した。第2次世界大戦中はマンハッタン計画にも参加,ウラン塩の純化の研究に従事した。

クラウス
Krauss, Werner

[生]1884.6.23. コブルク
[没]1959.10.20. ウィーン
オーストリアの俳優。ベルリン国立劇場,ウィーンのブルク劇場などで古典に多く出演,マクベス,リア王,リチャード3世などにすぐれた演技を見せた。映画でも『カリガリ博士』 (1919) ,『ブルク劇場』 (37) などに出演。

クラウス
Kraus, Oskar

[生]1872
[没]1942
チェコスロバキアの哲学者。 1916~38年プラハ大学教授。 F.ブレンターノから出発し,価値論の立場に立った。主著"Zur Theorie des Wertes" (1901) ,"Franz Brentano" (19) ,"Die Werttheorien" (37) 。

出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報

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