Denis Diderot

Japanese: ディドロ - でぃどろ(英語表記)Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot

A French Enlightenment thinker. Born on October 5th in Langres in the Champagne region. He studied at a Jesuit school in his hometown to become a priest, but then traveled to Paris to study, where he received a bachelor of liberal arts degree (Maître S. R) from the University of Paris in 1732. For the next 10 years, he continued to study hard without a permanent job, devoting himself to learning mathematics and English, while also supporting himself by working as a private tutor. In 1743, despite his father's objections, he secretly married Anne Toinette Champion (1710-1796). From this time on, he made use of his English reading ability to translate Greek history and medical dictionaries, and in 1745 he published a free French translation of An Essay on the Values ​​and Virtues of Men (1699) by the English philosopher, Earl Shaftesbury (III), who had a great influence on Diderot's early work.

[Shinichi Ichikawa May 19, 2015]

Work begins on the Encyclopedia

At that time, André Le Breton (1708-1779) was planning to publish a French translation of the Encyclopedia Cyclopædia (first published in 1728) edited by Chambers, which had been well received in England. He invited his good friend, the famous mathematician d'Alembert, to join him. At first, the two were only assistant editors, but with the replacement of the editor and changes in the plan, Diderot and d'Alembert began publishing the original French version of L'Encyclopédie . From the first volume in 1751 to the publication of a total of 28 volumes, including 17 volumes of text and 11 volumes of illustrations (1772), Diderot devoted himself to completing the Encyclopedia, so much so that it can be said that most of his life was literally dedicated to this great project of the century.

While continuing to edit the Encyclopedia, he was leaning philosophically from theism to atheism, and in 1749 he was imprisoned in Vincennes prison, outside Paris, for dangerous ideas after publishing anonymously " Lettre sur les Aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient ." His philosophical works include Lettre sur les sourds et les muets (1751), which deals with problems of language function and aesthetics, and Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature (1753), which argues for the superiority of experimental science over speculative science. His inclination towards materialism culminated in the series Les Dreams of d'Alembert (1769) and Éléments de physiologie (1778-1784).

[Shinichi Ichikawa May 19, 2015]

Numerous literary works

As for literary works, Diderot's early work includes the novel Les Bijoux indiscrets (1748), but after La Religieuse (1760), he gained confidence as a writer and wrote masterpieces such as Rameau's Nephew (manufactured in 1762) and Jacques le fataliste et son maître (manufactured in 1771, published in 1796). In addition to narrative works, he also showed an extraordinary enthusiasm for drama, and wrote his own plays Le Fils naturel (1757) and Le Père de famille (1758). In this field, he is known as the theorist of the so-called citizen drama (drum) due to his dramatic theory, that is, the creation of a "serious genre" between the classical tragedies and comedies, which was succeeded by the German playwright G. E. Lessing and flourished in neighboring countries. He also wrote "Paradox on the Actor" ( Le Paradoxe sur le comédien ) (manuscripted in 1773, published in 1830), which expressed his own views.

In the field of art, he wrote "Discourse on Painting" (1765), and contributed "Salons", official exhibition reviews, to the magazine "Literary Correspondence", edited by his close friend Frédéric Grimm (1723-1807). These established the form of modern art criticism and influenced Baudelaire and others.

In his later years, he paid a courtesy visit to his benefactor, Catherine the Great, in St. Petersburg, Russia, but his lifelong interest was in moral issues, and he was passionate about completing his work "On Seneca" (1778) before passing away in Paris on July 31, 1784.

[Shinichi Ichikawa May 19, 2015]

"The Collected Works of Diderot, supervised by Takuzo Obase, Noboru Hiraoka, and others, 4 volumes (1976-2013, Hosei University Press)""Rameau's Nephew, translated by Kiyoji Honda and Noboru Hiraoka (Iwanami Bunko) " ▽ "D'Alembert's Dream, translated by Takeshi Niimura (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "The Encyclopedia - Introduction and Representative Items, translated and edited by Takeo Kuwahara (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Diderot Studies, Vol. 1, by Takuzo Obase (1961, 1972, Hakusuisha)""The Encyclopedia, by J. Proust, translated by Noboru Hiraoka and Shinichi Ichikawa (1979, Iwanami Shoten) " ▽ "Diderot's 'De Seneca' by Hisamasa Nakagawa (1980, Iwanami Shoten)""The Intellectual Heritage of Humanity 41: Diderot, by Hisamasa Nakagawa (1985, Kodansha)"

[References] | D'Alembert | D'Alembert's Dream | Encyclopedia | Encyclopedia | Rameau's Nephew

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの啓蒙(けいもう)思想家。シャンパーニュ地方のラングルで10月5日に生まれる。聖職者になるべく生地のイエズス会系の学校で教育を受けるが、パリへ遊学し、1732年にはパリ大学から教養学士(メートル・エス・アール)の称号を受けた。その後の約10年間、定職につかず苦学を続け、数学と英語の修得に没頭しながらも、家庭教師などで生計を支えた。1743年には、父の反対を押し切ってアンヌ・トアネット・シャンピオンAnne Toinette Champion(1710―1796)と秘密結婚した。このころから英語の読解力を生かしてギリシア史や医学辞典の翻訳に携わり、1745年には、初期のディドロに多大の影響を与えたイギリスの哲学者シャフツベリ伯(3世)の『人間の真価と徳に関する試論』(1699)をフランス語に自由訳し、出版した。

[市川慎一 2015年5月19日]

『百科全書』に着手

そのころ、イギリスで好評を博したチェンバーズ編の百科事典『サイクロピーディア』Cyclopædia(初版1728年)のフランス語訳刊行を企画したル・ブルトンAndré Le Breton(1708―1779)の依頼で、彼は、親友で著名な数学者ダランベールを誘い、これに参画した。当初、両人は編集の下働きにすぎなかったが、監修者の更迭と企画変更に伴い、ディドロとダランベールは、フランス人によるオリジナルな『百科全書』L'Encyclopédieの刊行に着手した。1751年の第1巻から本文17巻、図版11巻、計28巻の刊行(1772)まで、ディドロは『百科全書』の完成に心血を注いだので、彼の一生の大半は文字どおり、世紀のこの大事業に捧(ささ)げられたといえよう。

 『百科全書』の責任編集を続ける一方で、彼は哲学的には有神論から無神論へ傾斜しつつあったが、1749年に、匿名で刊行した『盲人に関する書簡』Lettre sur les Aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voientのために、危険思想の持ち主としてパリ郊外のバンセンヌの監房に投獄された。哲学上の著作としては、言語機能と美学の諸問題を扱った『聾唖(ろうあ)者に関する書簡』Lettre sur les sourds et les muets(1751)、思弁的学問よりも実験的学問の優位を説いた『自然の解釈に関する思索』Pensées sur l'Interprétation de la Nature(1753)を経て、彼の唯物論への傾斜は、連作『ダランベールの夢』(1769)および『生理学の基礎』Éléments de physiologie(1778~1784)に至って頂点に達した。

[市川慎一 2015年5月19日]

数多い文学作品

文学作品として、初期には小説『不謹慎な宝石』Les Bijoux indiscrets(1748)を残しているが、『修道女』La Religieuse(1760)を契機に作家としての自信を深めたディドロは、傑作『ラモーの甥(おい)』(起稿1762年)、『宿命論者ジャックとその主人』Jacques le fataliste et son maître(起稿1771年、刊行1796年)などを書いた。物語作品のほかに、彼は劇作にも並々ならぬ意欲を示し、自ら戯曲『私生児』Le Fils naturel(1757)、『家長』Le Père de famille(1758)を執筆した。この分野では、彼が表明した劇理論、つまり、古典劇の悲劇と喜劇との中間に設けた「まじめなジャンル」の創唱により、いわゆる市民劇(ドラム)の理論家として知られ、これはドイツの劇作家G・E・レッシングに引き継がれ、隣国で開花した。なお、彼には独自の見解を表明した『俳優に関する逆説』Le Paradoxe sur le comédien(起稿1773年、刊行1830年)もある。

 美術関係では『絵画論』(1765)を書いたが、親友グリムFrédéric Grimm(1723―1807)の主宰する『文芸通信』誌に官展評「サロン」Salonsを寄稿し、近代美術評論の形式を築き、ボードレールらに影響を与えた。

 晩年、ロシアのペテルブルグに恩人のエカチェリーナ2世を表敬訪問したが、終生の関心は道徳問題で、『セネカ論』(1778)の完成に意欲を燃やし、1784年7月31日パリで他界した。

[市川慎一 2015年5月19日]

『小場瀬卓三・平岡昇他監修『ディドロ著作集』全4巻(1976〜2013・法政大学出版局)』『本田喜代治・平岡昇訳『ラモーの甥』(岩波文庫)』『新村猛訳『ダランベールの夢』(岩波文庫)』『桑原武夫訳・編『百科全書――序論および代表項目』(岩波文庫)』『小場瀬卓三著『ディドロ研究 上中』(1961、1972・白水社)』『J・プルースト著、平岡昇・市川慎一訳『百科全書』(1979・岩波書店)』『中川久定著『ディドロの「セネカ論」』(1980・岩波書店)』『中川久定著『人類の知的遺産41 ディドロ』(1985・講談社)』

[参照項目] | ダランベール | ダランベールの夢 | 百科事典 | 百科全書 | ラモーの甥

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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