Klein, Lawrence R.

Japanese: クライン(英語表記)Klein, Lawrence R.
Klein, Lawrence R.
Born: September 14, 1920 in Omaha, Nebraska
[Died] October 20, 2013. Gladwin, Pennsylvania. American economist. Full name: Lawrence Robert Klein. After graduating from the University of California, Berkeley in 1942, he studied under Paul Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and obtained his doctorate in 1944. He worked at the University of Chicago, the National Bureau of Economic Research, the University of Michigan, and the Oxford University Statistical Institute. In 1958, he moved to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he served as the Benjamin Franklin Professor of Finance and Economics from 1968 to 1991, and later became a professor emeritus. He is one of the founders of the macroeconomic model, and while many economists predicted that the end of World War II would lead to a further economic downturn, he correctly predicted that demand suppressed during the war and the purchasing power of returning soldiers would support the economy. In 1980, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his invention of the Klein model, an economic forecasting model for analyzing economic fluctuations and economic policies, and for his achievements in developing the methodology behind it. The Wharton Econometric Forecasting Model, an improvement of the Klein Model, is widely used to forecast fluctuations in a country's or region's gross domestic product (GDP), exports, investment, consumption, etc. (→ Macro Model). In addition, the Link Project, which collected a huge amount of data from developed countries, planned economy countries, and developing countries, attempted to forecast international trade and capital movements and measure the effects of economic policies in advance. He has written many books, including "Economic Fluctuations in the United States, 1921-1941" (1950), A Textbook of Econometrics (1953), and "An Econometric Model of the United States, 1929-1952" (1955), co-authored with Arthur S. Goldberger.

Klein
Klein, (Christian) Felix

Born: November 25, 1849 in Dusseldorf
[Died] June 22, 1925. Göttingen German mathematician. He studied in Bonn, Göttingen, and Berlin, and was subsequently professor of mathematics at the University of Erlangen (1872-75), the Technical University of Munich (1875-80), the University of Leipzig (1880-86), and the University of Göttingen (1886-1913). He made great contributions to various fields of mathematics, but in particular, his inaugural lecture at the University of Erlangen, later called the Erlangen Catalogue, was epoch-making and had a great influence on the development of geometry. He was also very interested in the history of mathematics and mathematics education, and was skilled in administrative matters. He was the editor of the technical journal "Mathematische Annalen" from 1872, and also collaborated in the editing of the Encyclopedia of Mathematics. His main works are Lectures on the Icosahedron (1884) and Lectures on the Theory of Automorphic Functions (2 volumes, 97, 1902).

Klein
Klein, Yves

Born: April 28, 1928, Nice
[Died] June 6, 1962. Paris. French artist. After graduating from the École Nationale Orientale in Nice, he became a jazz musician for a time, but later decided to become an artist. Both of his parents were painters. In 1958, he began painting in blue, stating that "monochrome paintings are intended to dematerialize color." In the same year, he held a solo exhibition in Paris titled "Empty," in which he painted the interior of a gallery completely white, which attracted attention. In 1960, he produced "Anthropometric Survey," in which he painted a woman's body with blue paint and printed it on a canvas. He later produced works in which he burned the painting with flames, as well as plans for a fountain of fire. He was considered one of the French Nouveau Réalisers, but he was consistently interested in the metaphysical world rather than reality. He stayed in Japan from 1952 to 1953, and was a black belt in Kodokan Judo.

Klein
Klein, William

Born 1928 in New York. American photographer. Studied sociology at the City University of New York. After serving in the military in Europe for three years from 1945, he majored in literature at the Sorbonne. He became interested in painting and studied under Léger. He worked as a painter until 1953. He then turned his attention to photography, and began fashion photography in 1954. He published "New York" in 1956, and subsequently published collections of his work on the theme of cities, including "Rome", "Moscow", and "Tokyo". He devoted himself to film from 1958, making over 20 films. He returned to work as a photographer in 1980.

Klein
Klein, Calvin

Born November 19, 1942, New York. American fashion designer. Graduated from the Fashion Institute of Technology, New York. In 1962, he joined a ready-to-wear suit and coat manufacturer in New York, and in 1968, he went independent with a friend. His designs are characterized by simple, understated, and classic designs. At first, he attracted attention for his suits and coats, but in 1978 he expanded into men's wear. He gradually began designing sportswear and jeans, and is said to be a pioneer of designer jeans. He won the Coty Award for three consecutive years from 1973 to 1975.

Klein
Klein, Melanie

Born: March 30, 1882 in Vienna
[Died] September 24, 1960, London. Austrian female psychoanalyst. She achieved great success in child psychoanalytic therapy, and established what is known as the Kleinian school of thought. This school argued that psychoanalytic theory could be applied to children as is, which led to conflict with A. Freud, who believed that it needed to be revised. She was never able to become a doctor and remained without a degree all her life, but in 1919 she was elected a member of the Budapest Psychoanalytic Society, and in 1925 she was invited to move to London, where she was active as a member of the British Psychoanalytic Society.

Klein
Kline, Franz

Born May 23, 1910 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
[Died] May 13, 1962. New York, New York. American painter. Full name Franz Rowe Kline. Known for his black and white paintings reminiscent of calligraphy. A contemporary of Jackson Pollock and Robert Motherwell, he was one of the American Abstract Expressionist painters of the 1950s. He studied painting at Boston University from 1931 to 1935, and held his first solo exhibition in 1950. At the end of the 1950s, he created works that used color.

Klein
cline

A general term for topoclines and ecoclines. A concept used when considering the taxonomic characteristics of living organisms. When there are no clearly discontinuous characteristics, but there is a wide range of variation, and they are considered together as the same group, it is called a topocline if the difference in the characteristics has a certain gradient according to geographical distribution, and an ecocline if it has a gradient according to changes in ecological conditions. Based on the proposal of J. Huxley (1939).

Klein
Klein, Georg Michael

[Born] 1776
[Died] 1820
German philosopher. Successor of Schelling's philosophy. Professor at the University of Würzburg. His main work is "Darstellung der philosophischen Religions-und Sittenlehre" (1818).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1920.9.14. ネブラスカ,オマハ
[没]2013.10.20. ペンシルバニア,グラッドウィン
アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。フルネーム Lawrence Robert Klein。1942年カリフォルニア大学バークリー校を卒業後,マサチューセッツ工科大学でポール・サミュエルソンのもとに学び,1944年博士号を取得。シカゴ大学,全米経済研究所を経てミシガン大学,オックスフォード大学統計研究所に勤めた。1958年にペンシルバニア大学ウォートン校に移り,1968~91年ベンジャミン・フランクリン記念金融・経済学教授を務め,のちに名誉教授となる。マクロ経済モデルの創始者の一人で,第2次世界大戦終結時,多くの経済学者が終戦によっていっそうの景気後退が始まると予想するなか,戦時中に抑制されていた需要と帰還兵の購買力が景気を支えると正しく予測した。1980年,景気変動や経済政策を分析する経済予測モデル,クライン・モデルを考案し,その手法を開発した功績により,ノーベル経済学賞を受賞した。クライン・モデルを改良したウォートン計量経済予測モデルは,国・地域の国内総生産 GDP,輸出,投資,消費などの変動予測に広く用いられている(→マクロ・モデル)。さらに,先進国,計画経済諸国,途上国の膨大なデータを収集した「リンク・プロジェクト」は,国際貿易や資本移動を予測し,経済政策の効果を事前にはかろうとした。"Economic Fluctuations in the United States, 1921-1941"(1950),『計量経済学』A Textbook of Econometrics(1953),アーサー・S.ゴールドバーガーとの共著 "An Econometric Model of the United States, 1929-1952"(1955)など著書多数。

クライン
Klein, (Christian) Felix

[生]1849.11.25. ジュッセルドルフ
[没]1925.6.22. ゲッティンゲン
ドイツの数学者。ボン,ゲッティンゲン,ベルリンで学び,その後,エルランゲン大学の数学教授 (1872~75) ,ミュンヘン工科大学教授 (75~80) ,ライプチヒ大学教授 (80~86) ,ゲッティンゲン大学教授 (86~1913) を歴任。数学の諸分野に大きく貢献したが,特に,エルランゲン大学教授就任講演はのちに『エルランゲン目録』と呼ばれ,画期的な内容で,その後の幾何学の発展に大きな影響を与えた。数学史や数学教育にも強い関心をもち,行政面にも手腕があった。 1872年から専門誌"Mathematische Annalen"の監修者であり,数学百科全書の編集協力者でもあった。主著『正二十面体講義』 (1884) ,『保形関数論講義』 (2巻,97,1902) 。

クライン
Klein, Yves

[生]1928.4.28. ニース
[没]1962.6.6. パリ
フランスの美術家。ニースの国立東洋語学校を卒業後,一時ジャズ音楽家となったがのち美術家を志す。両親も画家。 1958年より青一色の絵画を始め,彼は「単色の画面は色彩の非物質化を意図したものだ」と述べている。同年パリで画廊の内部を白一色に塗っただけの「からっぽ」と題する個展を開いて話題となる。 60年,女性のからだに青い絵具を塗ってカンバス上にプリントさせる『人体測量』を発表。その後,炎で画面を焼いた作品をはじめ,火の噴水の計画などを発表。フランスのヌーボー・レアリスムの一人とされていたが,現実よりもむしろ形而上の世界への関心で一貫していた。 1952~53年滞日し,講道館柔道の有段者でもあった。

クライン
Klein,William

[生]1928. ニューヨーク
アメリカの写真家。ニューヨーク市立大学で社会学を学ぶ。 1945年から3年間ヨーロッパで兵役をつとめたあと,ソルボンヌ大学で文学を専攻。絵画に興味をいだきレジェに学んだ。 53年まで画家として活躍。次いで写真に関心を移し,54年からファッション写真を始めた。 56年『ニューヨーク』を刊行,以後『ローマ』,『モスクワ』,『東京』と都市をテーマにした作品集を出版した。 58年から映画に専念し,20本以上の映画を制作。 80年再び写真家として復帰した。

クライン
Klein, Calvin

[生]1942.11.19. ニューヨーク
アメリカの服飾デザイナー。ニューヨーク州立ファッション工科大学卒業。 1962年にニューヨークのスーツとコートの既製服メーカーに入り,68年友人とともに独立。シンプルで控えめ,クラシックなデザインを特徴とする。最初はスーツとコートが注目されたが,78年からはメンズウエアにも進出。次第にスポーツウエアやジーンズのデザインも手がけ,デザイナーズ・ジーンズの先駆者とも言われる。 73年から 75年にかけて3年連続コティ賞受賞。

クライン
Klein, Melanie

[生]1882.3.30. ウィーン
[没]1960.9.24. ロンドン
オーストリアの女性精神分析家。児童の精神分析療法で業績を上げ,理論面でもクライン学派といわれるものを打立てた。これは精神分析の理論をそのまま児童にも適用できるというもので,修正を要するという A.フロイトと対立した。医師にはなれず,終生無学位のままであったが,1919年ブダペストの精神分析学会の会員に選ばれ,25年には招かれてロンドンに移り,イギリス精神分析学会に所属して活躍した。

クライン
Kline, Franz

[生]1910.5.23. ペンシルバニア,ウィルクスバレ
[没]1962.5.13. ニューヨーク,ニューヨーク
アメリカ合衆国の画家。フルネーム Franz Rowe Kline。白と黒の,カリグラフィーを彷彿させる絵画で知られる。ジャクソン・ポロック,ロバート・マザーウェルらと同世代で,1950年代のアメリカ抽象表現主義の画家の一人。1931~35年ボストン大学で絵画を学び,1950年最初の個展を開いた。1950年代末の一時期は色彩を用いた作品がある。

クライン
cline

トポクライン topocline,エコクライン ecoclineの総称。生物の分類学的な形質を考えるときの概念。画然とした不連続的な形質はないが,幅広い変異が存在し,しかし同じ群としてまとめて考えられる場合に,その形質の差が,地理的分布に従ってある傾斜をもっていればトポクラインといい,生態的条件の変化に従って傾斜しているときはエコクラインという。 J.ハクスリーの提唱 (1939) に基づく。

クライン
Klein, Georg Michael

[生]1776
[没]1820
ドイツの哲学者。シェリング哲学の後継者。ウュルツブルク大学教授。主著"Darstellung der philosophischen Religions-und Sittenlehre" (1818) 。

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