It is also called "Kuchierabujima". It is an active volcanic island in the Kirishima volcanic belt in the Osumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture. It belongs to Yakushima Town, Kumage District. Its long axis (west-northwest to east-southeast) is about 12 km, its widest point is about 5 km, and its area is 35.77 square km. The western part is an old volcano, while the central and eastern parts are andesite active volcanic bodies, including Furudake (657 meters), the highest peak, and Shindake (600 meters) to the north. Sea cliffs have developed around the island. Honmura, the central settlement in the western part of the island, is a port of call for regular ferries from Yakushima. There are hot springs in Yumugi and Nemachi in the eastern part of the island, within the boundaries of Yakushima National Park. The population has been rapidly declining, from 1,855 in 1955 (Showa 30) to 272 in 1985, and to 147 in 2005 (Heisei 17). As of August 1, 2018, the registered population is 105. [Akira Suwa and Setsya Nakata, August 21, 2018] Volcanic activityShindake is a volcano that grew within the collapsed terrain that opened up to the northwest of Furudake. Eruptions in the last 10,000 years have occurred mainly at Furudake and Shindake. A pyroclastic flow eruption occurred at Furudake several hundred years ago. Eruption records exist since the 1841 (Tenpo 12) eruption of Shindake, and active eruptions occurred from 1931 (Showa 6) to 1935 and from 1966 to 1980. In the 1933 eruption, volcanic gravel fell on the Nanakama village, 1.7 kilometers east of the crater, burning down 13 houses and killing 8 people. About a year after this eruption, a large debris flow occurred, killing 5 people. A phreatic eruption occurred in 1945, and eruptions that began in 1966 continued intermittently until the 1970s. A phreatic eruption occurred in 1980. Seismic activity at Shindake increased from the summer of 1999, crustal movement was observed from 2001, the temperature around the crater rose from around 2005, and the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted from the crater increased from 2008, leading to the belief that magma had intruded directly beneath the Shindake crater. On August 3, 2014, a tiltmeter detected the summit rising, and an hour and a half later, a phreatic eruption occurred. This eruption caused a low-temperature pyroclastic surge to flow down from the crater about 2 kilometers west, and on the same day, the eruption alert level was raised to 3 (restrictions on entering the mountain). Active smoke activity continued after this, and the amount of sulfur dioxide increased more than ever from the end of 2014, with perceptible earthquakes occurring on January 24 and May 23, 2015. On May 29 of the same year, a phreatomagmatic eruption occurred that was larger than the one in 2014. A few days before the eruption, an increase in the number of earthquakes at the summit and a decrease in sulfur dioxide emissions were observed. Pyroclastic flows generated by the eruption flowed in all directions from the crater, reaching as far as the residential area of Mukaehama Beach in the northwest. Immediately after the eruption, the eruption alert level was raised to 5 (evacuation) and the entire island was evacuated. Although there was a very small eruption on June 19 of the same year, no eruptions have occurred since then, and the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions has decreased significantly and no volcanic tremors have been observed. On June 14, 2016, the Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions stated that "the possibility of an explosive eruption has decreased," and the eruption alert level was lowered to 3 (mountain entry restrictions). In April 2018, the eruption alert level was lowered to 2 (restrictions on movement around the crater), but in August of the same year, due to an increase in volcanic earthquakes and sulfur dioxide emissions and the possibility of an eruption accompanied by pyroclastic flows in the future, the eruption alert level was raised to 4 (prepare to evacuate). [Setsuya Nakata August 21, 2018] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
「くちえらぶじま」ともいう。鹿児島県大隅(おおすみ)諸島にある霧島(きりしま)火山帯の活火山島。熊毛(くまげ)郡屋久島(やくしま)町に属する。長径(西北西―東南東)約12キロメートル、最大幅約5キロメートルで、面積35.77平方キロメートル。西部は古い火山であり、中央部から東部にかけては安山岩質の活火山体で最高峰の古(ふる)岳(657メートル)や、その北の新岳(600メートル)を含む。島の周囲には海食崖(がい)が発達。島の西部にある中心集落の本村(ほんむら)には、屋久島から定期船が寄港する。屋久島国立公園の域内で、東部の湯向(ゆむぎ)、寝待(ねまち)に温泉がある。人口流出が激しく、1955年(昭和30)1855人が、1985年には272人となり、2005年(平成17)147人。2018年8月1日時点の住民登録人口は105人。 [諏訪 彰・中田節也 2018年8月21日] 火山活動新岳は、古岳の北西に開いた崩壊地形内に成長した火山である。最近1万年の噴火は古岳・新岳を中心に発生している。古岳では数百年前に火砕流噴火が発生した。噴火記録は新岳の1841年(天保12)の噴火以降存在しており、1931年(昭和6)~1935年と1966年~1980年にかけて活発に噴火した。1933年の噴火では火口から1.7キロメートル東の七釜(ななかま)集落に火山礫(れき)が降下し、13戸が全焼し8名が死亡した。また、この噴火の約1年後、大規模な土石流が発生し死者5名の被害者を出した。1945年に水蒸気噴火、1966年に開始した噴火は1970年代まで断続的に続いた。1980年には水蒸気噴火が発生した。 1999年(平成11)夏ごろから新岳の地震活動が活発化、2001年からは地殻変動が観測され、2005年ごろからは火口付近の温度が上昇、2008年からは火口から放出される二酸化硫黄量の増加がみられ、新岳火口の直下にマグマが貫入したと考えられた。その後、2014年8月3日には、山頂部の隆起が傾斜計で認められ、その1時間半後に水蒸気噴火が発生した。この噴火によって低温の火砕サージが火口から約2キロメートル西に流れ下り、同日、噴火警戒レベルは3(入山規制)に引き上げられた。この後も活発な噴煙活動が続き、2014年末から二酸化硫黄量がそれまで以上に増加し、2015年1月24日と5月23日に有感地震がおこった。同年5月29日には、2014年より規模の大きいマグマ水蒸気噴火が発生。この噴火の数日前から山頂部の地震回数の増加と二酸化硫黄の放出量の低下が認められていた。この噴火に伴って発生した火砕流は火口から全方向に流れ出し、北西方向では居住区である向江浜(むかえはま)海岸まで達した。この噴火直後に噴火警戒レベルが5(避難)に引き上げられ全島避難となった。その後は同年6月19日にごく小規模な噴火があったものの、以降噴火は発生しておらず、二酸化硫黄の放出量が大幅に減少し火山性微動も観測されていないことから、2016年6月14日、火山噴火予知連絡会は「爆発的な噴火の可能性は低下している」との見解を出し、噴火警戒レベルは3(入山規制)に引き下げられた。2018年4月には噴火警戒レベルが2(火口周辺規制)に引き下げられたが、同年8月火山性地震や二酸化硫黄の放出量が増加し、今後、火砕流を伴う噴火が発生する可能性があるため、噴火警戒レベルが4(避難準備)に引き上げられた。 [中田節也 2018年8月21日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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