Mycorrhizae - Chinkon

Japanese: 菌根 - きんこん
Mycorrhizae - Chinkon

Mycorrhizae are roots formed when the plant and fungus are closely bonded together, forming a symbiotic relationship, but mycorrhizae are not a special type of root; almost all land plants have mycorrhizae and live with fungi. There are ectomycorrhizae and endophytic mycorrhizae.

[Imaseki Rokuya]

Ectomycorrhizae

It is common in trees, especially pines, beeches, birches, and Salicaceae, and fungi that form ectomycorrhizae with these include Amanita phalloides, Balloon Mushroom, Russula arbutifolia, and Amanita phalloides, as well as Tricholomataceae such as Honshimeji and Matsutake. In general, ectomycorrhizae are thicker and shorter than normal roots, and have many branches. The surface of the root is thick and covered with a layer of hyphae. The hyphae penetrate the inside of the root, but they only extend between the cells and do not enter the cells. The fungus obtains carbohydrates from the host and supplies the host with water and phosphoric acid. Since the host is a green plant, it seems that it would not be a problem to live alone, but it is said that if the formation of mycorrhizae is prevented, the tree will not be able to live a full life. Mushrooms that form mycorrhizae cannot live apart from the host, so they are difficult to cultivate artificially. Matsutake is an example.

[Imaseki Rokuya]

Endomycorrhizae

In addition to trees that do not form ectomycorrhizae, most terrestrial grasses form endomycorrhizae and mainly mold-type fungi. In endomycorrhizae, the hyphae penetrate into the cells of the roots, and within the cells, they produce numerous branches, coil up, or swell into a pouch-like shape. At first glance, they appear to be parasitic on the host, but they actually supply the host with nutrients, protect the roots from pathogens, and ultimately are digested and absorbed by the host, helping the host live. Known fungi include the zygomycete Endogone , the imperfect fungus Phoma , and Rhizoctonia , but the fungi are deformed and difficult to remove, making identification difficult. Endomycorrhizae in orchids have been known for a long time, and research is progressing. Among the orchids, the aleaf-green Cornettosperma and Akebia japonica form endomycorrhizae by incorporating Armillaria mellifera. Armillaria mellifera, a pathogenic fungus for trees, is instead taken in and used by these orchids.

[Imaseki Rokuya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

植物の根と菌とが緊密に結合して一体となり、共生的関係で結ばれている根をいうが、菌根は特殊な根ではなく、ほとんどすべての陸上植物は菌根をもち、菌とともに生活する。外生菌根と内生菌根とがある。

[今関六也]

外生菌根

樹木、とくにマツ、ブナ、カバノキ、ヤナギ科などに多く、これらと外生菌根をつくる菌は、マツタケ目のテングタケ、フウセンタケ、ベニタケ、アミタケなどの科のほか、キシメジ科のホンシメジ、マツタケなどの仲間がある。一般に外生菌根は普通の根よりは太めで短く、枝分れも多い。根の表面は厚く、菌糸の層で覆われる。菌糸は根の内部に侵入するが、細胞間を伸びるだけで細胞内には入らない。菌は宿主から炭水化物をもらい、宿主には水やリン酸などを補給する。宿主は緑色植物であるから単独の生活でも困らないように思えるが、菌根の形成を妨げると、木は生活を全うすることはできないといわれる。菌根をつくるキノコは宿主を離れては生活ができないので、人工栽培はできにくい。マツタケなどがその例である。

[今関六也]

内生菌根

外生菌根をつくらない木のほか、陸上生活をする草の大部分は主としてカビ型の菌と内生菌根をつくる。内生菌根では菌糸は根の細胞内に入り込み、細胞内で多数の枝を出したり、とぐろを巻いたり、袋状に膨れたりする。一見、宿主に寄生しているようにみえるが、宿主に養分を補給したり、根を病原菌から守ったりし、最後には宿主によって消化吸収されて宿主の生活を助ける。菌としては接合菌類のエンドゴンEndogone、不完全菌類のフォマPhoma、リゾクトニアRhizoctoniaなどが知られるが、菌は変形し、取り出すことも困難なので鑑定はむずかしい。ラン科植物の内生菌根は古くから知られ、研究も進んでいる。ランのなかで無葉緑のオニノヤガラ、ツチアケビはナラタケを取り入れて内生菌根をつくる。樹木の病原菌であるナラタケはこれらのランでは逆にとりこにされ、利用される。

[今関六也]

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