Colbertism

Japanese: Colbertisme

...Based on his basic idea that the amount of currency determines a nation's power, he made increasing France's share of the precious metals and currency circulating around the world his biggest task, and to achieve this through trade he strengthened protective tariffs, promoted privileged trading companies such as the East India Company and the Nord Company, established and fostered privileged manufactures in export-oriented industries such as woolen textiles, Gobelin tapestries, and glass, and organized non-guild handicrafts into sworn guilds (jurande) to strengthen control. His economic ideas and policies were not revolutionary, and there were already pioneers such as Lafama and Richelieu, but due to the worsening economic situation and financial needs, his policies took on a very aggressive character known as the "currency war" abroad, and were accompanied by authoritarian and cumbersome state control and state guardianship at home, collectively known as Colbertisme and said to be a typical example of royal mercantilism. Although Colbertism achieved temporary success, such as increasing indirect tax revenues, it was unable to overcome the gap with Britain and the Netherlands in commerce and industry, privileged businesses fell into disuse, and overall it was a "hopeless response to a crisis," with high tariffs leading to the Dutch War and bankrupting the country's finances.

From Mercantilism

...J. Pollexphene and others were representatives of protectionism, but this protectionism was not intended to increase the overall productivity of domestic industries, but only to the extent that it would bring about a trade balance as a result of the difference between labor, employment, and hard work. In the 18th century, the Treaty of Methuen (1703) and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) were concluded to acquire new markets in response to France's absolutist mercantilism (colbertisme), especially its heavy tariff policy on British woolen textiles. The latter's supplementary clause, the "British-French Free Trade Clause," caused the "British-French Trade Dispute," but in the end, free trade between Britain and France was postponed until the Eden Treaty of 1786. In the midst of this debate, protectionist C. King argued for the need for protective tariffs and the realization of low wages, but free trader D. Defoe, in works such as The Constitution of the Economy of Great Britain (1728), argued for the formation of a domestic market based on increased consumption due to high wages, and for the real reduction in the cost of export products due to increased motivation and productivity, thereby aiming to reverse the protectionist pessimistic view.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Colbertisme" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…彼は貨幣の量が国力を決定するとの基本的な観念からも，世界に流通する貴金属，貨幣の中でのフランスの取り分増加を最大の課題とし，貿易を通じてこれを果たすため保護関税を強化し，東インド会社，北方会社などの特権貿易会社を振興し，毛織物，ゴブラン織，ガラスなどの輸出向け産業で特権マニュファクチュールを設立･育成し，非ギルド的な手工業を宣誓ギルドjurandeに編成して統制強化を図った。彼の経済観念も諸施策も革新的なものではなく，すでにラフマ，リシュリューら先駆者をもつが，経済状況の悪化と財政上の要請から，彼の施策は対外的には“貨幣戦争”という著しく攻撃的な性格を帯び，国内でも強権的で煩瑣な国家統制･国家後見を伴い，コルベルティスムColbertismeと総称されて王室的重商主義の典型といわれる。コルベルティスムは間接税の増収など一時的な成果をあげたが，イギリス･オランダの商工業との格差を克服できず，特権事業は不振に陥り，総じて“危機への絶望的対応”にとどまり，高関税率はオランダ戦争を招いて財政を破綻させた。…

【重商主義】より

…J.ポレックスフェンなどが保護主義の代表者であるが，この保護主義も国内産業の生産力全体の上昇ではなく，労働･雇用･勤労の差額として貿易バランスを順にもたらすかぎりでの生産力上昇を企図していたにとどまる。　18世紀にはいると，フランスの絶対主義的重商主義(コルベルティスムcolbertisme)，とくにイギリス産毛織物に対する重関税政策に対抗して新市場を獲得するためにメシュエン条約(1703)，ユトレヒト条約(1713)が締結され，後者の付帯条項〈英仏自由通商条項〉に関しては〈英仏通商論争〉が引き起こされたが，結局，英仏の自由通商は1786年のイーデン条約まで延引された。この論争の渦中で保護主義者C.キングは保護関税の必要と低賃金の実現とを説いたが，これに対し自由貿易論者D.デフォーは《イギリス経済の構図》(1728)などで，高賃金による消費増大に基づく国内市場形成と労働意欲･生産力増大による輸出製品の実質的低廉化の必要を説き，保護主義者の悲観的見地からの転回を意図した。…

※「Colbertisme」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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