Imprisonment - Kinko

Japanese: 禁錮 - きんこ
Imprisonment - Kinko

A type of imprisonment. It is stipulated in the Penal Code (Articles 9, 13, etc.). Imprisonment is a punishment in which the prisoner is detained in a penal institution and deprived of his/her freedom. In the current Penal Code, in addition to imprisonment and incarceration as imprisonment, there is short-term imprisonment (1 day to less than 30 days) (Penal Code Articles 12, 13, and 16). Imprisonment and incarceration can be either a fixed term of 1 month to 20 years or life imprisonment (however, according to Article 14 of the Penal Code, the fixed term can be increased to 30 years, and can also be reduced to less than 1 month).

In both cases, imprisonment and incarceration involve the detention of prisoners in penal institutions, but in the case of imprisonment, prisoners are required to do labor (prison work), whereas incarceration does not. However, even in the case of incarceration, prisoners can apply to do work (called "petition work"), but once they start this work, they cannot be exempted from it without a valid reason.

By the way, imprisonment and incarceration correspond to the distinction between shameless motives and non-shameless motives in terms of the nature of the criminal act itself, and imprisonment is generally understood to be imposed in cases where the motive is not shameless, such as political prisoners who commit crimes with full conviction or negligence. However, there is strong criticism of the current law, which distinguishes between imprisonment and incarceration, on the grounds that forcing people to work because they commit shameless crimes is a pre-modern idea of ​​contempt for labor, and that the distinction between shameless and non-shameful crimes is unclear, making it impossible to classify all crimes into one category. From this standpoint, there are calls for the "unification of imprisonment," which calls for the abolition of the distinction between imprisonment and incarceration and the unification of the two.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

[Reference] | Detention | Incarceration | Imprisonment | Indecent crime

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

自由刑の一種。刑法で規定される(9条、13条など)。自由刑とは受刑者を刑事施設に拘禁してその自由を剥奪(はくだつ)する刑罰で、現行刑法には、自由刑として懲役、禁錮のほか、短期(1日以上30日未満)の自由刑としての拘留がある(刑法12条、13条、16条)。懲役と禁錮には1月以上20年以下の有期と無期とがある(ただ、刑法14条により、有期の場合も30年まで加重することができ、1月未満に下げることも可能である)。

 懲役と禁錮では受刑者を刑事施設に拘置することになるが、懲役の場合には受刑者に労務(刑務作業)が義務づけられるが、禁錮ではこれが義務づけられない。ただ、禁錮の場合でも、受刑者は請願により作業(請願作業という)に就くことができるが、いったんこの作業に服すると、正当な理由なくしてこれを免れられない。

 ところで、懲役と禁錮とは犯罪行為そのものの性格に関し、破廉恥な動機による場合か否かの区別に対応し、禁錮は、政治犯などの確信犯や過失犯のように非破廉恥的動機による場合に科すべきものと一般に解されている。しかし、このような懲役と禁錮とを区別する現行法に対して、破廉恥な犯罪であるから労役を強制するというのは前近代的な労働蔑視(べっし)の思想であるとか、破廉恥か否かの区別は不明確であり、すべての犯罪をいずれかに分類することは不可能である、などの批判が強い。このような立場からは、懲役と禁錮との区別を廃止して、両者を一本化すべしとする「自由刑の単一化」が主張されている。

[名和鐵郎]

[参照項目] | 拘禁 | 拘置 | 拘留 | 自由刑 | 懲役 | 破廉恥罪

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