In a broad sense, it refers to a protrusion that indicates the early development of an organism or part of it; examples include the budding in the asexual reproduction of yeast and the tail bud in the development of vertebrates, but in the narrow sense, it is only used in the development of vascular plants. In the following section, we will discuss buds in the narrow sense. The buds of vascular plants refer to underdeveloped shoots and the underdeveloped parts near the tips of shoots. A bud consists of the shoot apical meristem (the growing point of the stem) and the leaf primordia and undeveloped leaves that surround it. [Fukuda Taiji] Location of budsThe first bud in the life of a seed plant is a bud in the embryo inside the seed, and is called the "puerile bud." In gymnosperms and dicotyledons, one end of the axis is the root and the other end is the bud, which is sandwiched or surrounded by two or several cotyledons, but in monocotyledons, there is a single cotyledon at the opposite end of the root, and the bud appears to be located to the side. In either case, the bud grows to become the first shoot of the individual. As the plant grows, bud primordia are formed in various positions, and buds are formed there through cell division. The shoot apex is always surrounded by leaf primordia and young leaves, unless its growth becomes finite, such as flowers and tendrils. Therefore, the apex of the shoot usually becomes a bud, and a bud in this position is called the "apical bud." If a new shoot apex appears on the side of the shoot and a bud is formed, it is called a "lateral bud." In the case of seed plants, lateral buds generally form just above the leaf attachment point, in a location called the axil, and buds in this location are called "axillary buds." When viewed from the axillary bud, there is a leaf below it, and this is called the "lid leaf" or "mother leaf" of the axillary bud. When multiple axillary buds form in one axil, the first one to form is called the "main bud," and the others are called "accessory buds." In dicotyledonous plants, the main bud is often arranged vertically with the main bud at the top, but there are also species where the buds are arranged from bottom to top. In monocotyledonous plants, they are usually arranged horizontally, but there are exceptions. Since the stem apex and leaf axils are the most common locations for seed plant buds, the apical and axillary buds are collectively called "determined buds," and buds that grow in other locations are collectively called "adventitious buds." In the case of ferns, the locations where buds grow other than the apical bud vary depending on the species, so it is questionable whether the terms "determined" and "adventitious" should be used for ferns as well. The adventitious buds of seed plants grow in various locations depending on the species. Sweet potato, astragalus, strawberry, and willow herb reproduce vegetatively by sprouting from the roots, so they are called "root adventitious buds." Plants such as the Japanese laurel fern and Pinellia ternata produce leaf adventitious buds, and plants such as the Japanese laurel fern and Spider fern also reproduce by leaf buds. Even if a bud grows laterally from the stem, if it grows from somewhere other than the leaf axil, it is called an adventitious bud. Buds that grow from internodes, or at nodes but on the underside of leaves or in a direction different from the leaves, are stem adventitious buds. Although examples of adventitious buds on stems are rare, they can be seen when the upper part of the stem is damaged. Even if a bud originates as an axillary bud, if its base grows together with the base of the cover leaf, it will become like an adventitious bud on a leaf (hanaikada), and if an axillary bud and a part of the main stem grow together, it will become like an adventitious bud on a stem (reharisou). [Fukuda Taiji] Bud dormancyOnce a bud has formed, it may stop growing and go into a dormant state. Such dormant buds are called "dormant buds." Buds that are dormant in winter, as seen in most temperate and subarctic trees, are called "winter buds" or "overwinter buds." In contrast, buds that form from spring to summer and do not go dormant, but continue to grow their stems while developing leaves, are called "summer buds." Buds that remain dormant for many years are called "latent buds." Most dormant buds have several specialized outer leaves that protect the inside. These specialized leaves are called scale leaves (bud scales) or bracts (bract leaves, also written as bracts or bract leaves). If the individual leaves are small compared to the size of the bud and many overlap to protect the bud, they are often called scale leaves, and if the leaves are relatively large and few in number they are called bracts, but there is no strict distinction between the two. Scale leaves and bracts are often densely haired or secrete resin or mucus, further strengthening their protective function. Some dormant buds have no scale leaves or bracts, and the outermost leaves are young normal leaves; such buds are called "naked buds." [Fukuda Taiji] Bud ContentsAlso, if the organs contained within the bud are only young ordinary leaves and the axis that bears them, the bud is called a "leaf bud," and if it contains only a flower or inflorescence and its associated bacilli or involucre in an undeveloped state, the bud is called a "flower bud." Some plant buds contain both ordinary leaves and flowers. These are called "mixed buds." In the case of leaf buds and mixed buds, the young leaves before they unfold may simply be smaller than the mature leaves, but they are often rolled or folded, and are contained within the bud in various positions depending on the type. The positions of the petals and sepals in flower buds and mixed buds are not as varied as those in ordinary leaves, but they can be divided into several types. The relative positions of the petals and sepals within the bud also have certain characteristics depending on the type of plant, and are broadly divided into two types: tile-shaped and paving-stone-shaped. "Tiled" refers to a state in which the edges of adjacent perianth sepals overlap inside and outside, while "pavement-like" refers to a state in which the edges of adjacent perianth sepals touch without overlapping. Perianth sepals arranged in a spiral overlap in a tile-like shape, while perianth sepals arranged in a whorl can be either tile-like or pavement-like. Among the tile-like shapes, those in which one edge of each perianth sepal always extends outside of the one next to it and the other edge extends inside of the one next to it are called convoluted. [Fukuda Taiji] ©Shogakukan ©Yasuhisa Fukuda "> Name of bud Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
広義には、生物体またはその一部分の発生の初期を示す突起物をさし、酵母菌の無性生殖における出芽や脊椎(せきつい)動物の発生における尾芽(びが)などがその例であるが、狭義には、維管束植物の発生に際してのみ用いられる。以下、この項では狭義の芽について述べる。維管束植物の芽とは、苗条(びょうじょう)の未発達のもの、および苗条の先端付近の未発達の部分をさす。芽は茎頂分裂組織(茎の成長点)とそれを取り巻く葉の原基や未展開の葉とからなる。 [福田泰二] 芽のできる位置種子植物の一生のうちで最初の芽は、種子の中の胚(はい)にある芽で、これを「幼芽」という。裸子植物と双子葉植物の場合は、軸の一端が幼根で他端が幼芽となり、幼芽は二ないし数枚の子葉に挟まれるか、または囲まれるが、単子葉植物では、幼根の反対側の端には単一の子葉があって、幼芽は側方に位置するような観を呈する。いずれにしても、幼芽の成長したものがその個体の最初の苗条である。その後、植物の成長とともにいろいろな位置に芽の原基ができ、細胞分裂を経てそこに芽ができる。茎頂は、花や巻きひげのように成長が有限なものになってしまわない限り、葉原基や若い葉に包まれており、この部分はつねに芽である。したがって、苗条の頂端付近は芽になっているのが普通で、この位置の芽を「頂芽」という。苗条の側面に茎頂が新しく出現して芽ができれば、これを「側芽」という。種子植物の場合、側芽は葉の付着点のすぐ上、すなわち葉腋(ようえき)とよばれる位置にできるのが原則であり、この位置の芽を「腋芽」という。腋芽からみれば、その下には葉があるわけで、これを腋芽の「蓋葉(がいよう)」または「母葉」という。一つの葉腋に複数の腋芽ができる場合、最初にできるものを「主芽」、そのほかのものを「副芽」という。主芽と副芽の配列は、双子葉植物では、主芽を上端として縦に並ぶ種類が多いが、逆に下から上へ並ぶものなどもある。単子葉植物では、横に並ぶのが普通であるが例外もある。 茎頂と葉腋とは、種子植物の芽のある位置としてはもっとも普通な場所であることから、頂芽と腋芽とをあわせて「定芽」といい、そのほかの位置にできる芽を「不定芽」と総称する。なお、シダ植物の場合は、頂芽以外の芽のできる位置は種類によってさまざまであるため、定・不定の語をシダ植物にまで用いるかどうかには疑問がある。種子植物の不定芽は、種類によってさまざまな場所にできる。サツマイモ、ガガイモ、カジイチゴ、ヤナギランなどは、根から芽を出して栄養繁殖を行うので根上不定芽という。コダカラベンケイ、カラスビシャクなどは葉上不定芽をつくり、コモチシダ、クモノスシダなども葉上芽で繁殖する。茎から側方へ出る芽であっても、葉腋以外から出れば不定芽とよばれる。節間から出るものや、節部であっても葉の下側や葉と異なる方向に出るものは茎上不定芽である。茎上不定芽の例はまれであるが、茎の上部が傷つけられた場合などにみることができる。また、腋芽として発生した芽であっても、その基部が蓋葉の基部とともに成長すれば葉上不定芽のような状態になり(ハナイカダ)、腋芽と主軸の一部分とがともに成長すれば茎上不定芽のようになる(ヒレハリソウ)。 [福田泰二] 芽の休眠芽は形成されてからある段階になると、成長を停止して休眠状態となることがある。この休眠中の芽を「休眠芽」という。温帯や亜寒帯のほとんどの樹木にみられるような、冬に休眠する芽を「冬芽(とうが)」または「越冬芽」という。これに対し、春から夏につくられ、休眠せずに葉を展開しつつ茎を伸ばし続ける芽は「夏芽(かが)」とよばれる。また、長年にわたって休眠し続ける芽を「潜伏芽」という。 休眠中の芽のほとんどは、いちばん外側に何枚かの特殊な葉をもっており、これによって内部を保護している。このような特殊な葉を鱗片(りんぺん)葉(芽鱗)または包(ほう)(包葉。苞、苞葉とも書く)という。葉の一枚一枚が芽の大きさに比べて小さく、多数重なり合って芽を保護していれば鱗片葉、葉が比較的大形で数が少なければ包とよぶことが多いが、両者の間には厳密な区別はない。鱗片葉や包においては、しばしば毛を密生していたり樹脂や粘液を分泌するなどして、よりいっそう保護の機能を強めていることもある。休眠芽のなかには、鱗片葉も包ももたず、いちばん外側の葉も若い普通葉であるようなものもあり、このような芽を「裸芽」という。 [福田泰二] 芽の内容また、芽の中に包まれている器官が幼い普通葉とそれらをつける軸だけであれば、その芽を「葉芽」とよび、花または花序とそれに付随する包や総包だけを未発達の状態で収めているだけであれば、その芽を「花芽」とよぶ。植物の種類によっては、普通葉と花の両方を含む芽がある。これを「混芽」という。葉芽や混芽の場合、展開する前の若葉は成葉と比べて単に小形であるだけのこともあるが、多くは巻いたり折れたりというように、種類によってさまざまな姿勢で芽の中に収まる。花芽や混芽の中での花弁や萼片(がくへん)の姿勢は、普通葉の場合ほど変化に富んではいないが、いくつかの型に分けられる。また、芽の中での花弁どうし、萼片どうしの位置関係も、植物の種類によって一定の性質をもっており、瓦(かわら)状と敷石状とに二大別される。瓦状とは隣り合う花被(かひ)片の縁(へり)と縁とが内外に重なる状態をいい、敷石状とは隣どうしの花被片の縁が重なり合わずに接している状態をいう。螺旋(らせん)配列する花被片では瓦状に重なり合うが、輪生配列する花被片では瓦状の場合と敷石状の場合とがある。なお、瓦状のうち、各花被片がかならず一方の縁を隣のものの外側に出し、他方の縁を逆隣のものの内側に入れている状態を回旋状という。 [福田泰二] ©Shogakukan ©福田泰二"> 芽の名称 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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