Born January 13, 1927 in Germiston, South Africa [Died] April 5, 2019. Singapore South African-born biologist. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H. Robert Horvitz and John Sulston for his discoveries of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis). After receiving his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa, he obtained his doctorate from Oxford University in the UK in 1954. He directed the Medical Research Council's MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge from 1979 to 1986 and the Molecular Genetics Unit there from 1986 to 1991, and then established the Institute for Molecular Sciences in La Jolla, California, in 1996. He has also worked at the Salk Institute in La Jolla since 2000. He initially worked in molecular biology, such as ribonucleic acid (RNA), but in the early 1960s, he focused his research on the developmental process in which cells differentiate and grow from a single fertilized egg to an adult, and the mechanism of the nervous system. In 1963, Brenner proposed the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which is made up of about 1,000 cells, as a model animal. These worms, which are about 1 mm in size, multiply quickly and their cells can be easily viewed under a microscope. Brenner used chemicals to induce mutations in the nematode's genes and showed that the effects were also seen in cells, demonstrating that they could be used in molecular biology research. His research was carried on by his successors Horvitz and Sulston, leading to research on programmed cell death and other subjects. He has received numerous awards, including the Lasker Award and the Kyoto Prize. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
[生]1927.1.13. 南アフリカ,ジャーミストン [没]2019.4.5. シンガポール 南アフリカ生まれの生物学者。2002年「器官の発生とプログラムされた細胞死(アポトーシス)の発見」に対し,H.ロバート・ホルビッツ,ジョン・サルストンとともにノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。南アフリカのウィットウォーターズランド大学で学士,修士号取得後,1954年イギリスのオックスフォード大学で博士号を取得した。1979~86年ケンブリッジの医学研究会議 MRC分子生物学研究所,1986~91年同分子遺伝学ユニットを指揮したのち,1996年アメリカ合衆国カリフォルニア州ラホヤの分子科学研究所を設立。2000年から同じくラホヤのソーク研究所にも勤務。初めはリボ核酸 RNAなどの分子生物学に従事していたが,1960年代初め,研究対象を 1個の受精卵から成体まで細胞が分化して育つ発生過程と神経系の仕組みに定めた。1963年,約 1000個の細胞からなる線虫 C.エレガンス Caenorhabditiselegansをモデル動物として提唱した。この 1mm程度の虫は短時間で増殖し,細胞を顕微で簡単に見られる。ブレンナーは化学物質を使って,線虫の遺伝子に突然変異を起こし,その影響が細胞にも現れることを示し分子生物学の研究に使えることを示した。研究は後続のホルビッツやサルストンに引き継がれ,プログラムされた細胞死の研究などにつながった。ラスカー賞,京都賞など受賞多数。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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