Zenith globe

Japanese: 天頂儀 - てんちょうぎ
Zenith globe

A telescope for observing latitude changes caused by polar motion, which is one of the minute disturbances in the Earth's rotation. It is also called the Horrebow-Talcott's method, named after the proponent of the observation principle and the maker of the telescope. The visual zenith telescope at the Mizusawa VLBI Observatory (formerly the Latitude Observatory) of the National Astronomical Observatory in Oshu, Iwate Prefecture, has an aperture of 108 mm, a focal length of 1289 mm, and a field of view of 20 arc minutes. Astronomical latitude is determined by selecting a pair of stars that pass approximately equal angles north and south from the zenith at intervals of several minutes, reversing the telescope, and measuring the difference in zenith distance between the north and south stars with a micrometer. It has been used since 1899 (Meiji 32) in the International Latitude Observation Project, an international cooperative observation project for determining polar motion, but its historical role came to an end in the 1990s when new observation methods emerged.

[Kouichi Yokoyama]

[Reference] | Latitude | Latitude change | Polar motion | Talcott method | Zenith
Visual zenith
Used at the Latitude Observatory (now Mizusawa VLBI Observatory). Aperture 108mm, focal length 1289mm. Kimura Ei Memorial Museum, Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Visual zenith


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地球回転運動の微小な乱れの一つである極運動に起因する緯度変化を観測するための望遠鏡。観測原理の提唱者と望遠鏡の製作者との名前によって、ホレボー‐タルコット法Horrebow-Talcott's method(タルコット法)ともよばれる。岩手県奥州(おうしゅう)市の国立天文台水沢VLBI観測所(旧、緯度観測所)にある眼視天頂儀は、口径108ミリメートル、焦点距離1289ミリメートル、視野の広さは20分角である。天文緯度は、天頂から南北にほぼ等しい角度を数分間隔で通過する1対の星を選び、望遠鏡を反転して南北星の天頂距離差を測微計を用いて測定し、決定する。極運動決定のための国際協力観測である国際緯度観測事業に、1899年(明治32)以来用いられてきたが、1990年代に入って、新しい観測方法が登場したことによって、その歴史的役割を終えた。

[横山紘一]

[参照項目] | 緯度 | 緯度変化 | 極運動 | タルコット法 | 天頂
眼視天頂儀
緯度観測所(現、水沢VLBI観測所)で使用されたもの。口径108mm、焦点距離1289mm。岩手県奥州市 木村榮記念館©国立天文台">

眼視天頂儀


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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