Giant star

Japanese: 巨星 - きょせい(英語表記)giant star
Giant star

When a star burns up all the hydrogen in its center and its core shrinks, hydrogen combustion occurs in the thin shell adjacent to it, causing the outer layer to expand, becoming a huge star with a low surface temperature. Low-mass stars less than the mass of the Sun evolve through subgiants to giants, while high-mass stars evolve through giants to supergiants. The luminosity of a giant star is 10,000 times that of the Sun, and a supergiant is nearly 1,000,000 times that of the Sun. Stars with a surface temperature of approximately 3000K or less are called red giants or red supergiants, emphasizing their apparent color.

Inside giants, most of the heat flow is carried by convection, making it the most efficient structure for propagation. For this reason, stars of various masses show similar luminosity and surface temperature relationships. Stars in this stage are called red giant branches (RGB). This was theoretically explained by Chushiro Hayashi of Kyoto University in the 1960s.

Red giants are in the hydrogen shell burning phase, and in massive stars, when further helium reactions are ignited in the central part, they experience unstable phenomena such as changes in luminosity called helium flashes. When the helium reactions are ignited, the star moves to a giant star sequence called the horizontal branch, but when the helium burns out, it asymptotically approaches the red giant branch (AGB) again.

Representative giant stars include Antares (alpha Scorpii), Arcturus (alpha Boötes), Betelgeuse (alpha Orion), and Aldebaran (alpha Taurus), many of the bright stars that decorate the night sky. In old star clusters such as globular clusters and elliptical galaxies, most of the light comes from the red giants within them. Giant stars lose some or most of their mass, eventually becoming white dwarfs, and even heavier stars explode as supernovae and then reach their final state as neutron stars or black holes.

[Keiichi Kodaira and Hiroyasu Ando]

[Reference] | HR diagram | Stars | Supergiants
Alpha Scorpio (Antares)
A red supergiant in the constellation Scorpio (center of photo). To the right of it is the globular cluster M4 ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Alpha Scorpio (Antares)

Alpha Boötes (Arcturus)
A red giant star in the constellation Boötes. It is also called Arcturus, and in Japan it was called "Barley Star." Together with Eta Ursa Major and Spica in Virgo, it forms the "Great Spring Arc. " Photo provided by Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory .

Alpha Boötes (Arcturus)

Alpha Orion (Betelgeuse)
A red supergiant in the constellation Orion. It was also called "Heikeboshi" in the past. Together with Sirius in Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor, it forms the "Winter Triangle. " Photo provided by Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory .

Alpha Orion (Betelgeuse)

Alpha Taurus (Aldebaran)
A red giant star in the constellation Taurus. It is also known as the "Subaru posterior" because it rises in the eastern sky a little after the Pleiades. Photo courtesy of Nayoro City Astronomical Observatory .

Alpha Taurus (Aldebaran)

Alpha Carinae (Canopus)
A bright giant star in the constellation Carina. It appears low in the sky from mid-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, such as Japan, and therefore appears reddish due to the effects of the atmosphere. The photo was taken from the International Space Station (ISS © NASA )

Alpha Carinae (Canopus)

Betelgeuse (ALMA telescope image)
It has expanded to about 1,400 times the size of the Sun, and some parts of its surface (white areas) emit strong radio waves. Photographed by the ALMA telescope ©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/EO'Gorman/P.Kervella ">

Betelgeuse (ALMA telescope image)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

恒星が中心部での水素を燃焼し尽くしてその中心核が収縮する一方、それに接する薄い殻状部分で水素燃焼がおきて、外層部分が膨張し、表面温度の低い巨大な星となったもの。太陽程度以下の小質量星は準巨星を経て巨星となるが、大質量の星は巨星を経て超巨星へと進化する。巨星の光度は太陽の1万倍、超巨星は100万倍近くにも達する。とくに表面温度が約3000K以下のものを赤色巨星、赤色超巨星などと、その見かけの色を強調してよぶ。

 巨星の内部では熱流のほとんどが対流によって運ばれており、もっとも伝播(でんぱ)効率のよい構造となっている。このためさまざまに質量の異なる星も似通った光度・表面温度関係を示す。この段階の星を赤色巨星枝(きょせいし)(RGB)という。このことは京都大学の林忠四郎(ちゅうしろう)が1960年代に理論的に明らかにした。

 赤色巨星は水素殻燃焼期にあって、大質量星では中心部分でさらにヘリウム反応に点火される際にヘリウムフラッシュとよばれる光度変化などの不安定現象をおこす。ヘリウム反応に点火されると水平枝星(すいへいしせい)とよばれる巨星系列に移るが、ヘリウムが燃え尽きるとふたたび漸近的に赤色巨星枝(AGB)に近づく。

 代表的な巨星には、さそり座α(アルファ)星のアンタレス、うしかい座α星のアークトゥルス、オリオン座α星のベテルギウス、おうし座α星のアルデバランなど、夜空を飾る明るい星々が多い。球状星団や楕円(だえん)銀河など、年齢の古い星の集団にあっては、その全体の光のほとんどがそのなかの赤色巨星から放たれている。巨星は一部または大部分の質量を放出し、やがて白色矮星(わいせい)や、さらに重い星は超新星爆発ののち中性子星やブラックホールとして恒星の最後の姿に到達する。

[小平桂一・安藤裕康]

[参照項目] | HR図 | 恒星 | 超巨星
さそり座α星(アンタレス)
さそり座にある赤色超巨星(写真中央)。その右はM4球状星団©国立天文台">

さそり座α星(アンタレス)

うしかい座α星(アークトゥルス)
うしかい座にある赤色巨星。アルクトゥルスともいい、日本では「麦星」ともよばれた。おおぐま座のη星、おとめ座のスピカと「春の大曲線」をつくる写真提供/なよろ市立天文台">

うしかい座α星(アークトゥルス)

オリオン座α星(ベテルギウス)
オリオン座にある赤色超巨星。古くは「平家星」ともよばれた。おおいぬ座のシリウス、こいぬ座のプロキオンと「冬の大三角」をつくる写真提供/なよろ市立天文台">

オリオン座α星(ベテルギウス)

おうし座α星(アルデバラン)
おうし座にある赤色巨星。プレヤデスより少しあとに東空に昇ってくるため、「すばるの後星」ともよばれる写真提供/なよろ市立天文台">

おうし座α星(アルデバラン)

りゅうこつ座α星(カノープス)
りゅうこつ座にある明るい巨星。日本など北半球の中緯度地域からは空の低い位置に見えるため、大気の影響で赤みがかって見える。写真は国際宇宙ステーション(ISS)から撮影されたもの©NASA">

りゅうこつ座α星(カノープス)

ベテルギウス〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉
太陽の約1400倍にまで膨張し、表面の一部(白い部分)では電波が強くなっている。ALMA望遠鏡により撮影©ALMA(ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/E.O'Gorman/P.Kervella">

ベテルギウス〈ALMA望遠鏡画像〉


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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