It is a procedure to eliminate the function of the male animal's reproductive glands (gonads) by surgically removing the testes (testicles) or by administering large amounts of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues continuously. It may also include the removal of the female's ovaries, in which case it is also called gonadectomy. It usually refers to the removal of both gonads. [Masafumi Shirai] Human castrationIt has become possible to almost completely suppress gonadal function by continuously administering large amounts of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues without the need for orchiectomy, but this is somewhat different from surgical castration. In addition, in the case of men, silicone prosthetic testes are sometimes inserted into the scrotum to alleviate the psychological effects of bilateral orchiectomy. When both gonads are removed, the blood levels of the male hormone testosterone drop in men, and the blood levels of the follicular hormone estrone drop in women. As a result, a large number of unique cells (castration cells) appear in the anterior pituitary gland, which secrete gonadotropins. This is due to a feedback mechanism of hormone secretion from the hypothalamus-pituitary gland-gonads, and in men, gonadotropin levels begin to increase and settle at a steady level after 30 to 60 days. In women, the level peaks around 20 days after castration and then plateaus. This level is close to that of postmenopausal women. Incidentally, 80-90% of prostate cancers are androgen (a general term for male hormones), and castration therapy is one type of anti-androgen therapy that aims to cause cancer cells to regress by eliminating testicular androgens from the body. However, castration therapy has become rare in recent years, and instead large amounts of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs have been administered continuously. The effect is even greater when combined with the administration of an anti-androgen drug. If a man is castrated before the onset of secondary sexual characteristics, the development of accessory sex organs such as the epididymis, prostate, and penis stops, causing atrophy and genital hypoplasia, resulting in a man with an androgynous physique (known as eunuchoid). If castration occurs after adulthood, the secondary sexual characteristics gradually regress, and symptoms include a decrease in libido. If a woman is castrated before the onset of secondary sexual characteristics, the development of accessory sex organs such as the uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and clitoris stops, causing genital hypoplasia, and resulting in an androgynous physique. [Masafumi Shirai] Castration of animalsIn order to improve livestock, it is important to further improve the ability to be utilized and to strongly inherit it. Also, when male animals reach sexual maturity, they become more aggressive and may fight until they are determined as the leader of the herd. For this reason, in livestock, the testes, which are the male reproductive glands, are surgically removed from individuals that are not necessary for reproduction before they reach sexual maturity. This operation, generally called castration, prevents the meat from becoming coarse and allows for the deposition and accumulation of appropriate fat between muscle fibers in terms of fattening, thereby improving market value. Furthermore, it makes it possible to raise animals in groups. On the other hand, female reproductive organs are located in the abdominal cavity, and removing them is troublesome. However, the ovaries may be removed for the purpose of almost castrating males, and this is sometimes called ovarian castration. For cattle, pigs, and chickens, castration is required in large numbers at once due to the large scale of rearing, and so convenient tools have been devised. However, the basic procedure involves cutting the skin of the scrotum covering the testes, cutting the seminal system, stopping bleeding, and preventing suppuration. In recent years, the bloodless castration forceps method has been used for cattle, in which a blunt blade is clamped at the base of the scrotum and forcefully pressed to crush the seminal system, achieving the goal of castration. Horses, except for racehorses, are castrated to make them docile for riding or working purposes, and sheep are castrated to fatten and improve the quality of their coat. Ovarian castration is performed on dogs and cats to prevent noise during estrus and the breeding of hybrids. Other methods include implanting an estrus suppressant subcutaneously in dogs, and repeatedly injecting an aqueous suspension several times to suppress estrus and prevent pregnancy. In the case of subcutaneous implantation, the inhibitor must be removed within a certain period of time, otherwise estrus will recur. In the case of injection, estrus will recur if the administration is discontinued, so both are used as temporary contraceptive measures. [Motoyoshi Shigekazu] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動物の雄の精巣(睾丸(こうがん))を手術的に摘除するか、または性腺(せいせん)刺激ホルモン放出ホルモンアナログの大量、持続的投与などにより生殖腺(性腺)機能をなくさせることをいう。雌の卵巣摘除を含めることもあり、この場合は性腺摘除gonadectomyともよばれる。普通は両側の性腺摘除を意味する。 [白井將文] ヒトの去勢精巣(睾丸)摘除術によらず、性腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモンのアナログを大量に持続的に投与することにより性腺機能をほぼ完全に抑えることができるようになったが、外科手術による去勢と多少意味が違ってくる。なお、男性の場合、両側の精巣摘除による心理的影響を緩和するため、シリコーンの義精巣を陰嚢(いんのう)内に挿入することがある。 両側の性腺が摘除されると、男性では男性ホルモンのテストステロン血中濃度が、女性では卵胞ホルモンのエストロン血中濃度が、それぞれ低下する。これに伴って下垂体前葉に特有な細胞(去勢細胞)が多数出現し、性腺刺激ホルモン(ゴナドトロピン)を分泌する。すなわち、視床下部―下垂体―性腺のホルモン分泌のフィードバック機構によるものであり、男性ではゴナドトロピンが増え始めて、30~60日後に血中濃度が一定値に落ち着く。女性の場合は去勢後20日前後に最高値に達して一定となる。この値は、閉経後の女性の値に近いものである。 なお、前立腺癌(がん)のうち、80~90%はアンドロゲン(男性ホルモン物質の総称)依存性があり、去勢によって精巣性アンドロゲンを体内から消失させることにより、癌細胞を退行変化させようという抗アンドロゲン療法の一つを去勢療法という。しかし、最近では精巣摘除術はほとんど行われなくなり、もっぱら性腺刺激ホルモン放出ホルモンアナログの大量、持続的投与が行われるようになった。これに抗アンドロゲン剤投与を併用すると効果がより大きくなる。 男性で二次性徴発現前に去勢を行うと、精巣上体(副睾丸)、前立腺、陰茎などの副性器の発育が停止して萎縮(いしゅく)や性器発育不全をおこし、中性的な体型の男性(いわゆる類宦官(かんがん)症)となる。成人になってから去勢すると、二次性徴が徐々に退行し、性欲減退などがみられる。女性の場合も二次性徴発現前に去勢を受けると、子宮、卵管、腟(ちつ)、陰核などの副性器の発育が停止して性器発育不全をおこし、中性的な体型となる。 [白井將文] 動物の去勢家畜を改良するには、利用しようとする能力をいっそう向上させ、強力に遺伝させることが重要である。また、動物の雄は性的に成熟すると闘争心が強くなり、群れのなかでのボス的位置づけが決まるまで争うことがある。このため家畜では、繁殖上の必要がない個体は、性的成熟の前に雄性生殖腺である精巣を外科的に切除する。一般に去勢とよばれるこの手術により、肉質の粗剛化を防ぎ、肥育の面でも筋繊維間に適度な脂肪の沈着・蓄積を図り、市場価値への向上に務めている。さらに、飼育の面では群飼も可能になる。一方、雌の生殖器は腹腔(ふくこう)内にあり、これを切除するのは煩雑である。しかし、ほぼ雄の去勢に近い目的で卵巣を割去することもあり、これを卵巣去勢とよぶ場合もある。 ウシやブタ、ニワトリでは、飼養規模が大きく一度に大量の去勢手術が望まれることから、便利な器具が考案されている。しかし基本的には、精巣を覆っている陰嚢を切皮し、精系を切断して出血を止め、化膿(かのう)を防ぐことである。また、ウシでは近年、陰嚢の基部に鈍性の刃を挟んで強力に圧切し、精系を挫滅(ざめつ)して去勢の目的を達する無血去勢鉗子(かんし)法が行われる。ウマでは競走馬を除いて、乗馬とか使役馬として柔順化を図る目的で、メンヨウでは肥育と毛質の改善のために去勢をする。イヌやネコでは、発情時期の喧噪(けんそう)と雑種の繁殖を防ぐために卵巣去勢が行われる。このほかに、イヌに対して発情抑制剤を皮下に移植する方法と、懸濁(けんだく)水性液の注射を数回くり返して発情を抑え、妊娠を防ぐ方法がある。皮下移植の場合、ある一定期間内に抑制剤を摘出することが必要で、摘出すると発情は再発し、注射の場合は投与を中止すると発情が再発するため、それぞれ一時的な避妊処置として使われる。 [本好茂一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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