American astrophysicist. Born in Lahore, British India (now Pakistan). He studied theoretical physics at Presidency College, Chennai (Madras), graduating in 1930. He studied abroad at Cambridge University, where he received his doctorate in 1933 and also became a special research student. He moved to the United States in 1937 and served as an associate professor at the University of Chicago, promoted to professor in 1944, and retired as professor emeritus in 1986. During that time, he obtained American citizenship in 1953 and served as editor-in-chief of the academic journal Astrophysical Journal . He studied the internal structure and evolution of stars. Stars follow different evolutionary paths depending on their mass. He said that stars with a mass greater than 1.4 times the mass of the sun are at the limit, and that stars with a mass greater than that will end their evolution by exploding as supernovae, while stars with a mass less than that will become small, high-temperature stars called white dwarfs, eventually coming to an end. This limit is called the "Chandrasekhar mass limit." He has also studied radiative transport in stellar atmospheres, magnetohydrodynamics of stars, and black holes. In 1983, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "theoretical studies on the physical processes of the structure and evolution of celestial bodies." He shared the prize with Fowler, who studied nuclear reactions, which are important for the formation of elements in outer space. The American X-ray observation satellite launched in July 1999 was named "Chandra" after him. [Editorial Department, September 19, 2018] "The Structure of Stars, by S. Chandrasekhar, translated by Junichi Nagata (1973, Kodansha)" ▽ "Lectures on Chandrasekhar's Principia: For the General Reader, by S. Chandrasekhar, translated and supervised by Seitaro Nakamura (1998, Kodansha)" ▽ "The Fundamentals of Astrophysics, by Kunitomo Sakurai (1993, Chijin Shokan)" ▽ "Arthur S. Eddington: The Internal Constitution of the Stars (1988, Cambridge University Press)" [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの天体物理学者。イギリス領インドのラホール(現在はパキスタン)に生まれる。チェンナイ(マドラス)のプレジデンシー・カレッジで理論物理学を学び、1930年卒業。ケンブリッジ大学に留学し、1933年に博士号を取得、また同大の特別研究生になった。1937年渡米し、シカゴ大学で準教授を務め、1944年教授に昇格、1986年退職し名誉教授となった。その間、1953年にアメリカの市民権を取得、また学術雑誌『天体物理学』Astrophysical Journalの編集長を務めた。 星の内部構造と進化について研究した。星はその質量によって異なった進化の過程をとる。彼は、太陽の質量の1.4倍を限界点として、それ以上の質量の星は超新星として爆発して進化を終え、それ以下の質量の星は白色矮星(わいせい)とよばれる高温の小さな星となり、やがて終焉(しゅうえん)を迎えるとした。この限界点は「チャンドラセカールの質量限界」とよばれている。このほか、恒星大気の放射輸送、恒星の電磁流体力学的研究、ブラック・ホールの研究などがある。1983年に「天体の構造と進化の物理的過程に関する理論研究」でノーベル物理学賞を受賞。宇宙空間における元素の形成にとって重要な核反応を研究したファウラーとの同時受賞であった。なお、1999年7月に打ち上げられたアメリカのX線観測衛星は、彼の名にちなみ、「チャンドラ」と名づけられた。 [編集部 2018年9月19日] 『S・チャンドラセカール著、長田純一訳『星の構造』(1973・講談社)』▽『S・チャンドラセカール著、中村誠太郎監訳『チャンドラセカールの「プリンキピア」講義――一般読者のために』(1998・講談社)』▽『桜井邦朋著『天体物理学の基礎』(1993・地人書館)』▽『Arthur S. EddingtonThe Internal Constitution of the Stars(1988, Cambridge University Press)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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