Polarity

Japanese: 極性 - きょくせい
Polarity

When an organism or the tissues and cells that compose it show gradual morphological or physiological differences along a certain imaginary axis, the organism, tissue, or cell is said to have polarity. In many animal eggs (such as sea urchins and amphibians), there is a gradient of redox potential and ribonucleic acid concentration from the animal pole to the vegetal pole, and when planaria or hydra are cut, the head structure is regenerated from the anterior cut surface and the tail structure is regenerated from the posterior cut surface, indicating polarity in terms of the potential for morphogenesis. In plants, polarity is also observed when fertilized eggs of the brown alga Fucus form adventitious roots and when higher plants are regenerated (from cuttings, etc.). Furthermore, the swarm of cellular slime molds also has a physiological gradient from the tip to the rear end. Thus, polarity is an extremely important property that is widely present in the biological kingdom. Polarity is a system that provides information to the cells contained therein to know their position in the group, and it is even thought that cell differentiation would not occur without polarity. Polarity can be established when there are special structures at both ends of a system that produce different substances, when substances released from one end form a concentration gradient, when each part of a system has a slight directionality, etc. However, all of these are still theoretical hypotheses, and the true nature of polarity is still unclear, and elucidating it is one of the fundamental challenges in biology.

[Sadao Yasugi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生物体またはそれを構成する組織や細胞が、ある仮想的な軸に沿って、形態的または生理的な、漸次的に変化する差異を示すとき、その生物体または組織や細胞は極性をもつという。動物の多くの卵(たとえばウニや両生類)には動物極から植物極に向かって酸化還元能やリボ核酸濃度などの勾配(こうばい)が存在するし、プラナリアやヒドラを切断すると前方の切断面から頭部が、後方切断面からは尾部の構造が再生して、形態形成の潜在的能力に関する極性があることがわかる。植物では褐藻類のヒバマタの受精卵が仮根を形成する際や、高等植物の再生(切り枝などからの)の際にも極性が観察される。さらに、細胞性粘菌の移動体も先端から後端に向かう生理的勾配がある。このように極性は生物界に広く存在しているきわめて重要な性質である。極性はそこに含まれる細胞が集団中で自らの位置を知るための情報を提供する系であり、細胞の分化は極性なしにはおこらないとさえ考えられる。極性が確立するのは、系の両端に特別の構造があって異なる物質を産生する場合、一方の端から放出される物質が濃度勾配をなす場合、系の各部が微小な方向性をもつ場合などが考えられる。しかし、いずれも理論的仮説にとどまっていて、極性の実体はなお明らかではなく、その解明は生物学の一つの基本的課題となっている。

[八杉貞雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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