The Middle East

Japanese: 中東 - ちゅうとう(英語表記)the Middle East
The Middle East
A regional concept in international politics since the 20th century. It includes the area from Afghanistan and Iran in the east to Morocco in the west, and Turkey in the north to Yemen, Sudan, and the Sahara Desert in the south. Unlike the Middle East used in the 19th century, the Balkans were included in the Middle East but not the Middle East, and North Africa was not included in the Middle East but was included in the Middle East. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the concept of the Middle East is spreading to the Caucasus region and Central Asia. The Middle East is the birthplace of monotheistic beliefs such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. There is a close relationship between the three religions, and there is no Christianity without Judaism, and there is no Islam without these two religions. They have many things in common, such as considering Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic) to be their ancestor. God has sent prophets and given revelations according to the developmental stage of humanity. Therefore, Islam's position is to recognize Jewish prophets such as Moses, and to respect Jesus as a prophet and not the son of God. The greatest and final prophet was Muhammad (Mahomet). Therefore, Islam protects Jews and Christians as people of the scriptures, and is also the background to the phenomenon of worshiping the same place as a holy place, as condensed in the Jerusalem issue. In Iran, Zoroastrians are protected along with Jews and Christians. Zoroastrianism is a religion founded in Western Asia by Zoroaster (known as Zarathustra in German) before the 6th century BC. It gained followers in the Achaemenid Persian Empire and became the state religion of the Sassanid Persian Empire. It still has followers in Iran and India. Its influence on Judaism and Christianity is also important, and its dualism of good and evil and eschatology are concepts that were introduced into other religions from Zoroastrianism. The biblical account of the three wise men from the East coming to worship Jesus at his birth may suggest the influence of Zoroastrianism on Christianity. This is because the original word for wise man is "magi," which means a Zoroastrian priest. This word has also entered the English language in different forms as magic (sorcery, tricks) and magician (a person with special powers, magician, conjurer).

(Kazuo Takahashi, Associate Professor, The Open University of Japan / 2007)

Source : "Chiezo" published by Asahi Shimbun Publications Co., Ltd. About Chiezo

Japanese:
20世紀以降の国際政治上の地域概念。東はアフガニスタン、イランから西はモロッコまで、北はトルコから南はイエメン、スーダン、サハラ砂漠までを含む。19世紀に使われた中近東とは異なり、バルカンは中近東に入っていたが中東には入らず、北アフリカは中近東に入っていなかったが中東には入っている。ソ連の消滅によりコーカサス地方、中央アジアへと中東の概念が広がりつつある。中東は、ユダヤ教、キリスト教、イスラム教などの唯一神信仰の発祥の地。3宗教の間には密接な関係があり、ユダヤ教なくしてキリスト教はなく、この両宗教なくしてイスラム教はない。アブラハム(アラビア語ではイブラヒム)を祖先と考えるなど共通点が多い。神は人類の発展段階に合わせて預言者を遣わし啓示を与えてきた。従ってモーゼなどのユダヤ教の預言者を認め、またイエスも神の子ではなく預言者として敬うというのがイスラム教の立場である。最大にして最後の預言者がムハンマド(マホメット)ということになる。それゆえ、イスラム教はユダヤ教徒とキリスト教徒を教典の民として保護しており、またエルサレム問題に凝縮されているように、同じ場所を聖地として崇める現象の背景にもなっている。イランでは、ユダヤ教徒、キリスト教徒と共にゾロアスター教徒も保護の対象とされている。ゾロアスター教は、前6世紀以前にゾロアスター(ドイツ語ではツァラトストラ)が西アジアで創始した宗教で、アケメネス朝ペルシア帝国で信者を獲得し、ササン朝ペルシア帝国の国教となった。現在もイランやインドなどに信者がいる。またユダヤ教やキリスト教への影響も重要で、善悪二元論や終末論などは、ゾロアスター教から他の宗教に入った概念であろう。イエスの誕生の際に東方の三賢人が拝みに訪れたという聖書の記述は、ゾロアスター教のキリスト教への影響を暗示しているのかもしれない。なぜならば賢人の原語は「マギ」であり、ゾロアスター教の神官を意味しているからである。この言葉は形を変えマジック(魔術、手品)、マジシャン(特殊な力を持つ人、魔術師、手品師)として英語にも入っている。

(高橋和夫 放送大学助教授 / 2007年)

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