A liquid that has an electric dipole inside the molecule. Water and alcohol are considered to be representative polar liquids. A characteristic of polar liquids is that they generally have a fairly large dielectric constant compared to liquids made up of nonpolar (non-electric dipole) molecules. In addition, the ratio of their heat of vaporization to their standard boiling point (heat of vaporization/standard boiling point = entropy of vaporization) is not constant, as is the case with many nonpolar liquids. In other words, polar liquids generally have molecules that associate in the liquid, and do not conform to Trouton's general rule (published by Trouton FT Trouton in 1884) or Hildebrand's rule, which was further modified by American JH Hildebrand (1915). Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information |
分子内部に電気双極子をもっている液体。水やアルコールは極性液体の代表とされている。その特徴は,無極性の(電気双極子をもたない)分子からなる液体に比べて,一般にかなり大きな誘電率を有することにある。また,その蒸発熱と標準沸点との比(蒸発熱/標準沸点=蒸発のエントロピー)が,多数の無極性液体における場合のように,一定とはならないという性質がある。すなわち,一般に極性液体は,その分子が液体中で会合していることが多く,トルートンの通則(トルートンF.T.Troutonが1884年に発表),さらにそれをアメリカのヒルデブランドJ.H.Hildebrand(1915)が修正したヒルデブランドの規則には合わない。
出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報 |
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