This term refers to the parliament of the Mongol Empire in the 13th and 14th centuries. It is used in Persian documents from the same period (such as Rashid's Jami'ah). It is derived from the Mongolian verb quri-, meaning "to gather." In the Secret History of the Mongols, a record from the early Mongol Empire, "Shukai" is written as hulirta only once for "assembly." The parliament of the Mongolian People's Republic (present-day Mongolia) is called if (Great) and khoral (Conference). These hulirta and khoral are similar words to kurultai. Kurultai were convened by the emperor himself, the former empress, or a representative of the family of the emperor to discuss state affairs such as the selection of the emperor (khan), the decision to go on foreign expeditions, and the issuance of laws. They were mainly held in the spring and summer, and participants were members of Genghis Khan's family, relatives by marriage, and various civil and military officials. Participation in the kurultai was also a ritual to show submission to the emperor, and in some cases laws were issued to punish non-participants with execution by beheading. When a new emperor was selected, each faction seeking to seize the throne would often hold their own kurultai to compete with each other for legitimacy. During the kurultai, a grand banquet was held, and the emperor would bestow treasures. The location of the event was not fixed. [Kouichi Matsuda] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
13、14世紀のモンゴル帝国の国会を表す語。同時期のペルシア語文献(ラシードの『集史』など)で使用されている。モンゴル語で「集まる」という動詞quri- に由来する語である。モンゴル帝国初期の記録『元朝秘史』では、ただ一度、「聚会(しゅうかい)」をフリルタと記している。また、モンゴル人民共和国(現モンゴル国)の国会はイフ(大)・ホラル(会議)と称する。これらフリルタやホラルはクリルタイと同類の語である。クリルタイは、皇帝(ハン)の選出、外国遠征の決定、法令の発布などの国事を議する際に、皇帝自ら、あるいは前皇帝の皇后ないしは一族の代表者が招集した。開催時期は主として春夏で、参加者はチンギス・ハンの一族のもの、姻族、文武百官である。クリルタイへの参加は、皇帝への服従を表明する儀礼としての意味もあり、不参加者を斬刑(ざんけい)に処する法令が発布されたこともある。新皇帝選出の際には、帝位を握ろうとする各派は、それぞれにクリルタイを開催して、自派の正当性を競い合うこともしばしばであった。クリルタイ開催中は大宴会が催され、皇帝から宝物の下賜も行われた。開催場所については定まっていない。 [松田孝一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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