… Generally, in the wild, subordinate individuals avoid encounters with dominant individuals, so the relationship of superiority is rarely clear, but in birds, it can be seen by observing the ranking of pecks, and in the case of fed Japanese macaques and Japanese deer, it can be seen by throwing a mandarin orange or rice cracker between two individuals to see who will take it first, known as the "mandarin orange test" or "rice cracker test." In Japanese macaques, the ranking determined by the mandarin orange test is constantly confirmed by the dominant individual's mounting behavior on the subordinate individual, even when there is no direct demand such as food. There are some rankings in which the rankings of the members of the group change depending on the position they occupy as the group moves, and some that remain unchanged no matter where the group moves. … *Some of the terminology that refers to "horseback riding behavior" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… 一般に野生の状態では劣位の個体は優位個体との出会いを避けるので,優劣関係がはっきりみられることは少ないが,鳥類ではつつきの順位をみたり,餌づけされたニホンザルやニホンジカの場合には,2個体の中間にそれぞれミカンやせんべいを投げ与えて,どちらが先に取るかをみる,いわゆる〈ミカンテスト〉や〈せんべいテスト〉などで明らかにすることができる。ニホンザルではミカンテストの結果得られた順位が,食物といった直接的な要求物のないところでも,優位個体の劣位個体に対する馬乗り行動(マウンティングmountingともいう)によって常時確認されている。 順位には,群れが移動して行くにつれ,群れの占める位置によって構成メンバー間の順位が変わるものと,どこに移動しようと不動のものがある。… ※「馬乗り行動」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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