Hyanggyo - Kyōkō (English spelling)

Japanese: 郷校 - きょうこう（英語表記）hyanggyo

Local literary temples and associated educational institutions in the Joseon, Goryeo, and Joseon Dynasty (Yi Dynasty) periods. Also known as Gyogung and Jigung. They began in the 5th year of the reign of Injong (1127) of the Goryeo Dynasty with the establishment of schools in various provinces. During the Joseon Dynasty, in the 1st year of the reign of Taejo (1392), he ordered the various provincial inspectors to use the rise and fall of schools as a method of evaluation for local officials, and made efforts to promote them. One school was established in each bu, mok, gun, and hyeon to accommodate the children of local yangban (yangban) and town officials. The town schools included literary temples dedicated to Confucius, Myeongrindang for lectures, Dongxi Yangshang for Chinese and Korean scholars, and Dongxi Yangseo for learning centers. The number of Confucian scholars at Hyanggyo was 90 for Bu/Mok, 70 for Dohobu, 50 for Gun, and 30 for Hyeon. There was one professor and one instructor at Dohobu and above, and one instructor at Gun and below. They received 5-7 shillings of land from the state, and in addition, they often received donations from local people or purchased land. However, from the mid-Joseon Dynasty onwards, Hyanggyo declined with the development of Seowon, and when the civil service examination system was abolished in 1894, they almost lost their function as an educational institution, and only worshipped literary shrines. Later, during the Japanese colonial period, they were placed under the supervision of Bu-in and Gun-gu by order of the Government-General. In 1918, there were still 335 Hyanggyo.

Local school

See next item | Local school (Kyōkō) | Local school (Gōgaku)

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

朝鮮，高麗，朝鮮王朝 (李朝) 時代の地方文廟とそれに付属した教育機関。別名は校宮，斉宮。高麗朝の仁宗5 (1127) 年，諸州における学校設立に始る。朝鮮王朝時代には太祖1 (1392) 年に諸道按察使に命じ，学校の興廃によって地方官の考課法とするなど，その振興に努めた。府，牧，郡，県に各1校ずつ設立し，地方のヤンバン (両班)と郷吏の子弟を収容した。郷校には孔子をまつる文廟，学を講じる明倫堂，中国，朝鮮の学者をまつる東西両廡，学習所の東西両斉があった。郷校の儒生数は府・牧 90，都護府 70，郡 50，県 30とし，都護府以上に教授，訓導各1名，郡以下に訓導各1名をおき，国家から学田5～7結が支給され，そのほかに地方民からの醵金，または買収した土地を所有することも少くなかった。しかし朝鮮王朝中期以後，書院の発達によって郷校は衰微し，高宗 31 (1894) 年科挙制度が廃止されると教育機関としての機能はほとんど失われ，文廟をまつるだけであった。のち日本の統治時代には，総督府令により府尹，郡守の監督下におかれた。 1918年になお 335校の郷校があった。