Spherical mirror - Kyumenkyo

Japanese: 球面鏡 - きゅうめんきょう
Spherical mirror - Kyumenkyo

A mirror whose surface is spherical. When the sphere is convex or concave, it is called a convex mirror or a concave mirror, respectively. When parallel rays of light enter a spherical mirror, after reflection they either converge to a point or diverge from a point. This point is called the principal focus of the spherical mirror. The distance from the principal focus to the surface of the spherical mirror is called the focal length of the spherical mirror. When a convex mirror is placed in front of a face, a reduced, upright virtual image of the face is created. When a face is placed farther away than the center of a concave mirror, an inverted, reduced image of the face is seen in front of the mirror. If an object is placed at the center of curvature of a concave mirror, an inverted, equal-sized image is created at the center of curvature.

The line connecting the vertex and the center of curvature of a spherical mirror is called the mirror axis. If the distance from the vertex to the object measured along the mirror axis is s, the distance to the image is s', and the radius of curvature of the spherical mirror is r, then

Here, r is positive for a convex mirror and negative for a concave mirror, and s and s' are positive when measured from the vertex in the direction of the incident light. The focal length of a spherical mirror is given by r/2. The ratio of the length of the image of an object perpendicular to the mirror axis to the length of the object is called the (lateral) magnification,
Lateral magnification = -s'/s
Concave mirrors, like convex lenses, are used to create real images of distant objects, while convex mirrors are used as rearview mirrors.

[Kazuo Miyake]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

表面が球面の形をしている鏡のこと。その球面が凸(とつ)および凹(おう)のとき、それぞれ凸面鏡および凹面鏡という。球面鏡に平行光線が入射すると、反射したあとで、ある点に収束するか、またはある点から発散したように進む。この点のことを球面鏡の主焦点という。主焦点から球面鏡の表面までの距離を、球面鏡の焦点距離という。顔の前に凸面鏡を置くと、正立の縮小された顔の虚像が生ずる。凹面鏡の球心よりも遠くに顔を置くと、倒立した顔の縮小像が鏡の前方に見られる。物体が凹面鏡の曲率中心にあれば、倒立した等大の像が曲率中心に生ずる。

 球面鏡の頂点と曲率中心を結ぶ直線のことを鏡軸という。頂点から鏡軸に沿って測った物体までの距離をs、像までの距離をs′、球面鏡の曲率半径をrとすると

ここにrは凸面鏡のとき正、凹面鏡のとき負、s、s′は頂点から入射光線の進む方向に測ったときを正とする。球面鏡の焦点距離はr/2で与えられる。鏡軸に垂直な物体の像の長さと物体の長さの比を(横)倍率といい、
  横倍率 =-s′/s
で与えられる。凹面鏡は凸レンズと同様に遠方の物体の実像をつくるのに用いられ、凸面鏡はバックミラーなどに用いられる。

[三宅和夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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