Gannenmono - Gannenmono

Japanese: 元年もの - がんねんもの

...refers to a person who moves across the borders of one's own country to another country for the purpose of working. The word "immigration" is often used instead of the act of moving, i.e., "emigration." In European languages, it is common to distinguish between "emigrants" (English: emigrant, French: émigré) and "immigré" (English: immigrant, French: immigré) depending on the country's status, but this is not yet common in Japan. The word "colonization" is used to refer to moving to a colony or undeveloped area within one's own country's sovereignty, but the distinction between this and immigration was not very clear until the 19th century.

From Japanese American

… Japanese immigration to America began in 1866 (Keio 2) at the end of the Edo period, when restrictions on overseas travel were lifted, and people came to work as migrant workers. The first group of immigrants is said to have been a group of contract immigrants to Hawaii, which was still an independent country at the time, in 1868 (Meiji 1) (known as the "Gannenmono" group). Modern immigration generally occurs when rural communities are destroyed by the penetration of the commodity economy into rural areas. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to "Gannenmono" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…労働の目的をもって自国の国境を越え他国に移り住む人migrantを指す。移り住む行為すなわち〈移住〉の代りに，移民という言葉を使うことも多い。ヨーロッパの言語では，その国の立場により〈出移民(英語emigrant，フランス語émigré)〉と〈入移民(英語immigrant，フランス語immigré)〉とに分けて使用するのが普通だが，日本ではまだ一般的ではない。〈植民〉〈殖民〉という言葉は，自国の統治権内の植民地や未開拓地に移り住むことに用いるが，19世紀までは移民との区別はそれほど明確ではない。…

【日系アメリカ人】より

…　アメリカへの日本移民は，幕末の1866年(慶応2)，海外渡航制限撤廃による出稼ぎ労働に始まった。集団的には1868年(明治1)，当時まだ独立国であったハワイへの契約移民の一団が最初とされている(〈元年もの〉と呼ばれる)。一般に近代移民は，商品経済が農村に浸透することによって，農村共同体が破壊されるところに発生する。…

※「元年もの」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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