Infrared rays

Japanese: 赤外線 - せきがいせん(英語表記)infrared rays
Infrared rays

Electromagnetic waves on the long wavelength side after the wavelength range of visible light. In 1800, British astronomer F. W. Herschel used a thermometer to investigate the distribution of the solar spectrum and found that the area showing the highest temperature was outside the red area. He confirmed that invisible light was coming from this area and discovered infrared rays. Usually, it refers to light with a wavelength range of 0.7 to 1000 micrometers (1 micrometer is one millionth of a meter).

These are further divided into near infrared rays (0.7 to 20 micrometers) and far infrared rays (20 to 1000 micrometers). Near infrared rays are closely related to the vibration of atoms and ions in materials, and far infrared rays are closely related to the rotation of atomic groups. Near infrared rays have a frequency similar to that of molecular vibrations, so when absorbed, they directly excite the vibration of atoms and ions in materials and raise the temperature of the material. However, infrared rays have a small quantum energy, so they are difficult to emit photoelectrons, and their detection uses the temperature rise effect or photoelectric effect (the phenomenon in which electrical resistance decreases when light hits a semiconductor, etc.). Infrared rays are invisible, so they are generally not noticed, but the space in which we live is full of infrared rays, even in pitch black places. Infrared rays of around 10 micrometers are actively emitted from objects at room temperature. The reason why the temperature of the earth's surface drops abnormally on clear nights is because infrared rays emitted toward the sky escape, and this is called radiative cooling. Greenhouses and vinyl houses have the effect of preventing this.

In recent years, infrared sensors have been used in security systems such as anti-aircraft missiles that detect and track aircraft exhaust heat, and infrared night vision devices that can see people even in the dark. As the performance of infrared sensors has improved, their range of applications has expanded to include more familiar items such as remote controls for home appliances that use near-infrared light, ear thermometers that can measure body temperature simply by placing them against the ear, and infrared radiometers that are installed on weather satellites and can observe clouds day or night.

[Tatsutake Onaka and Masahide Ito]

"Newton Mook: What is Light? (2010, Newton Press)"

[Reference] | Atomic group | Ultraviolet | Infrared spectroscope | Electromagnetic waves | Herschel | Radiation cooling

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

目に見える光の波長領域に続き、長波長側にある電磁波。1800年、イギリスの天文学者F・W・ハーシェルが寒暖計を用いて太陽光スペクトルの分布を調べたところ、最高の温度を示す場所は赤色部の外側であったので、この部分に目に見えない光がきていることを確認し、赤外線を発見した。普通、0.7~1000マイクロメートル(1マイクロメートルは100万分の1メートル)の波長範囲の光をいう。

 これをさらに分けて、0.7~20マイクロメートルを近赤外線、20~1000マイクロメートルを遠赤外線という場合もある。近赤外線は、物質中の原子やイオンの振動と、遠赤外線は原子団の回転と深い関係をもっている。近赤外線は、その振動数が分子振動の振動数と同程度であるので、吸収されると、直接物質中の原子やイオンの振動を励起し、物質の温度を高める。しかし、赤外線は量子としてのエネルギーが小さいので、光電子放出をおこしにくく、その検出には温度上昇効果または光電気効果(半導体などに光が当たった場合に電気抵抗が小さくなる現象)を用いている。赤外線は目に見えないので、一般にあまり気づかれないが、われわれの生活している空間は、真っ暗な場所でも、赤外線で満ちている。室温の物体からは10マイクロメートル前後の赤外線が盛んに放射されている。よく晴れた夜に地表の温度が異常に下がるのは、上空へ向かって放射された赤外線が脱出してしまうためで、放射冷却とよばれている。温室やビニルハウスはこれを防止する効果をもっている。

 近年、航空機の排気熱を感知して追尾する対空ミサイルや、暗闇(くらやみ)でも相手を見ることができる赤外線暗視装置などのセキュリティ・システムに用いられている。赤外線感知器の性能が向上したので、身近なところでは、近赤外線を利用した家電機器のリモコンや耳の穴に当てるだけで体温が計れる耳式体温計、気象衛星に搭載されて昼夜を問わず雲を観察できる赤外放射計などにも応用範囲が広がっている。

[尾中龍猛・伊藤雅英]

『『ニュートンムック 光とは何か?』(2010・ニュートンプレス)』

[参照項目] | 原子団 | 紫外線 | 赤外線分光器 | 電磁波 | ハーシェル | 放射冷却

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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