Leave of absence allowance - leave of absence allowance

Japanese: 休業手当 - きゅうぎょうてあて
Leave of absence allowance - leave of absence allowance

This is an allowance that an employer is obligated to pay to a worker who is willing to work during the period when the worker is not allowed to work due to reasons such as the burning down of a factory, a shortage of raw materials, or a lack of work due to a recession. The amount is at least 60% of the average wage, and Article 26 of the Labor Standards Act requires employers to pay it with penalties (Article 119-2) and, in some cases, additional penalties equal to the amount of unpaid wages (Article 114). A closure includes not only cases where the entire or partial operation of a factory is suspended, but also cases where a specific worker is refused labor.

Regarding the wages to be paid when the employer is suspended due to circumstances on the employer's side, there is a way to claim payment under the Civil Code. One is to pursue responsibility for delay in receipt as stated in Article 413 of the Civil Code, and if the employee provides labor but the employer does not accept it, the employee can receive the full amount of the wages. The other is to pursue responsibility for risk bearing as stated in Article 536, paragraph 2 of the Civil Code, and if the employee is unable to work due to the employer's fault, the employee can receive the full amount of the wages. However, the application of these provisions of the Civil Code can be excluded by agreement, and when claiming wage payment under the Civil Code, it is necessary to prove that the suspension of work in question was due to the employer's intention, negligence, or a reason that can be considered to be the same. In addition, since there is no supervisory body that enforces the payment of wages, in the end, the employee must take the case to court, which is very difficult for the employee. Therefore, the suspension allowance system was established to guarantee the minimum "decent existence" of workers whose only source of income is wages. Therefore, the cases where suspension of business is the responsibility of the employer are considered broader than those in the Civil Code, and include cases where suspension of business is the responsibility of the employer in terms of business management, other than those caused by force majeure due to natural disasters or other circumstances outside of business. For example, in the case of temporary leave, where the employer reduces operations due to a recession and leaves workers temporarily on leave while keeping their labor contracts in place, the employer is obligated to pay suspension allowances.

The Labor Standards Act requires that the pay be 60% of the average wage, but this is the minimum amount, and although it is permissible to exceed this amount, any agreement to pay less is invalid. In addition, if the requirements of the Civil Code are met, the remaining 40% can be claimed. Furthermore, since paid leave is also considered wages, the provisions for wage protection under the Labor Standards Act apply.

[Mikio Yoshida]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

工場の焼失、原材料の不足あるいは不景気で仕事がないというような理由で、使用者が、労務に従事する意思のある労働者に労働させなかった場合、その期間中、当該労働者に支払いを義務づけられている手当のこと。その額は平均賃金の60%以上であり、労働基準法第26条において、罰則(119条の2)と、場合によっては未払い金と同額の附加金(114条)の制裁付きで、使用者に支払いを強制している。休業には、工場全体もしくは一部の操業を停止するというような場合のみならず、特定の労働者の労務提供を拒絶する場合も含む。

 使用者側の都合により休業した場合の賃金がどうなるかについては、民法に基づき支払いを請求する方法もある。一つは民法第413条にいう受領遅滞の責任を追及するもので、労働者が労務の提供をしているのに使用者がこれを受け取らなければ賃金全額を受け取ることができる。もう一つは民法第536条2項にいう危険負担の責任を追及するもので、使用者の責任で労働者が労働に従事できない場合には、労働者は賃金全額を受け取ることができる。しかし、これらの民法の規定は、取決めで適用を排除できるし、民法に基づいて賃金支払いを請求する場合には、当該の休業が、使用者の故意、過失またはこれと同視しうる理由によるものであることなどを証明しなければならない。また、賃金の支払いを強制する監督機関もないので、結局、裁判に訴えなければならず、労働者にとってはたいへん困難なことである。そこで、賃金を唯一の収入源とする労働者の「人間らしい生存」を最低限保障するために設けられたのが休業手当の制度である。したがって、使用者の責任による休業とされる場合も民法より広く考えられるのであって、天災地変その他の経営外的事情に起因する不可抗力によるもの以外で、使用者の経営管理上の責任によるものがこれにあたる。たとえば、不況により操業短縮をし、労働契約を存続させつつ労働者を一時的に休業させる一時帰休の場合も、休業手当の支払い義務がある。

 労働基準法により義務づけられるのは平均賃金の60%であるが、これは最低額であって、これを上回ることは許されるが、下回る取決めをしても無効である。また、民法上の要件を満たすことができれば、残りの40%についても請求できる。なお、休業手当も賃金であるから、労働基準法上の賃金保護の規定が適用される。

[吉田美喜夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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