Also translated as "opportunistic causation." A theory advocated by some Cartesians. It states that God is the true cause of all changes, and that although the actions of creatures appear to be causes, they are in fact merely opportunities for God to act on each occasion. The theory of accidental causation began as a solution to the problem of how the mind acts on the body. For Descartes, who established strict dualism, how the mind acts on the body was a major challenge, and he was unable to provide a sufficient explanation by simply acknowledging the interaction between the mind and the body as a fact. The explanation of the interaction between the two completely different entities, mind and matter (body), that uses a transcendent God was first introduced by J. Clauberg of Germany and L. de La Forge of France. Representatives of the theory of accidental causation are A. Geerinckx of the Netherlands and N. Malebranche of France. For these two, faith and a God-centered worldview are the basis of the theory of accidental causation. Malebranche established the theory of accidental causation as a system of Christian philosophy. According to this theory, God created all things and governs the world through general laws, which are the sole driving force behind change. Chance causes appear when general laws are applied to individual cases. General laws include natural laws and laws of grace, and the latter includes the idea that Jesus is the chance cause for the distribution of grace. Spinoza's theory of parallelism and Leibniz's theory of pre-established harmony are also theories that originated from Descartes' mind-body problem. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
機会原因論とも訳される。デカルト派の一部の唱えた説。万象の変化の真の原因は神であり,被造物の行為も原因であるようにみえるが,実は神がそれを契機として,そのたびごとに行為する機会となるにすぎないとする。偶因論はまず精神がどのように身体へ働きかけるかという問題への一つの解答として出発した。厳格な二元論を樹立したデカルトにとって心がどのように身体に働きかけるかは大きな難題であり,心身の相互作用を事実として認めるだけで,十分な説明をなしえなかった。精神と物体 (肉体) というまったく異質な2実体間の交渉に超越的な神を持出す説明は,ドイツの J.クラウベルク,フランスの L.ド・ラ・フォルジュに始った。偶因論の代表者はオランダの A.ゲーリンクスとフランスの N.マルブランシュである。この2人にあっては信仰と神中心の世界観が偶因論の支えとなっている。マルブランシュは偶因論をキリスト教哲学の体系として確立した。それによると神は万象を創造し,その変化の唯一の動因として一般法則を通して世界を主宰する。一般法則が個々の場合に適用される際に機会因が現れる。一般法則には自然法則と恩恵の法則があり,後者に関してはイエスを恩恵の分配の機会因とする思想などが展開されている。なお,デカルトの心身問題より出発した理論としてスピノザの平行論とライプニッツの予定調和説がある。
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