Empty role - Kuueki

…In contrast, in Europe, which sent several inspection teams to the United States, solitary confinement was accepted because of the widespread cross-contamination between prisoners in local prisons due to mixed confinement (shared cells), and solitary confinement-based prisons, such as Pentonville in England in 1942, became the norm. All of the above-mentioned penalties were considered insufficient as an alternative to the death penalty, and hard labor was included as a punishment, and exploitation of prisoner labor through rental systems and other methods became common. However, when a movement to eliminate prison labor based on the argument that it would suppress private business arose in the 19th century, even idle labor that had no economic meaning and was only intended to inflict pain, such as treadmills and cranks, was implemented. This was supported by the idea of ​​intimidation through punishment and external control of behavior through discipline. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "empty roles" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…これに対し，アメリカ合衆国に数次の視察団を派遣したヨーロッパでは，当時，地方監獄で雑居混禁(雑居房)による囚人間の相互汚染がまんえんしていたこともあり，独居拘禁が受け入れられ，42年のイギリスのペントンビルなど独居を中心とする監獄が主流を占めた。以上の自由刑は，いずれも死刑に代わるものとして施設拘禁だけでは不十分とされ，重労働をその刑罰内容として有し，賃貸制などによる囚人労働力の搾取状況が一般化したが，19世紀に入って民業圧迫論に基づく刑務作業の排斥運動がおこるに及んで，踏み車treadmillやクランクといった経済的意味のない，苦痛を与えるためだけの空役までも実施された。懲らしめによる威嚇と，規律による行動の外的統制の理念がそれを支えた。…

※「空役」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報