It refers to the phenomenon in which birds periodically change their habitat seasonally to meet the needs of their daily lives, or the migratory behavior that occurs during this process. In Japanese, it is rarely used for anything other than birds. However, the English word "migration" includes migration, but it also refers to the movement of habitats for a wide variety of animals, and includes movements that are not necessarily regular, seasonal, or round-trip. Some people use the Japanese word "watari" in a way that is close to this meaning, but below we will follow conventional usage and limit it to issues related to birds. Bird migration phenomena vary, but for some of them please also refer to the separate article "Migratory birds". Some species migrate during the day and others at night, and some species migrate in flocks and others solitary. Some small birds such as brown-eared bulbuls migrate in flocks during the day, but many small birds migrate alone at night. Geese and ducks migrate in flocks at night, cranes in flocks during the day, and hawks migrate alone during the day. [Masaaki Uramoto] Migratory altitude and speedRecent radar observations suggest that migratory altitudes are much higher than previously thought, with most occurring less than 1500 metres above ground or sea level, but some records show altitudes of several thousand metres. Of course, when crossing high mountain ranges, they are often at high altitudes, even if they are just above ground level. There are three meanings to the speed of migration. The first is the air speed, which varies by species but can be anywhere from 30 kilometers per hour to several tens of kilometers per hour. The second is the ground speed, which varies depending on whether the wind is following or against the bird. The third is the speed of travel, which varies depending on the amount of time spent flying at one time and the number and number of days of rest, but the flight and rest patterns vary by species, weather, and between spring and autumn. The fastest ones have been recorded as covering over 5,000 kilometers in eight days. Of course, when they must cross a wide ocean in one go, they will fly continuously without rest, and it is sometimes thought that they will cover 2,000 to 3,000 kilometers in 40 to 50 hours. However, normal migratory journeys are much slower than this. [Masaaki Uramoto] Migratory RoutesIt has often been debated whether migration routes are genetically determined, but it is now believed that only certain migration directions are determined by species, and that the reason why the routes appear to be constant is mainly due to the influence of topography. How this direction and migration distance, that is, how far the migration ends, are determined is a question of the origin of migration, that is, evolution, but currently nothing is clearly known about it. [Masaaki Uramoto] Migration physiology and navigationThere are two problems with the mechanism of migration. One is the physiology of migration, and what physiological mechanisms are responsible for migration at a certain time of year. It is known that the basic process for temperate birds is that seasonal changes in day length affect the activity of the pituitary gland, which then secretes hormones that change the physiological state of the bird. However, this is only the basic theory, and many details remain unknown. Furthermore, problems in tropical regions, where day length hardly changes at all, are still unclear. The other problem is how birds know the direction of migration. Since the 1950s, the celestial navigation theory, which posits that the sun or stars are used as a clue, has been proposed and has been generally accepted, but there are some facts that cannot be explained by this alone. In recent years, research has emerged that suggests that the geomagnetic field may be a clue, but this has not yet been widely accepted. [Masaaki Uramoto] "Animals and the Solar Compass" by Kuwabara Manjutaro (Iwanami Shinsho) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
鳥類が定期的に生活上の必要に応じて生息地を季節的にかえる現象、またはその際の移動行動をいう。日本語では鳥類以外にはほとんど用いない。しかし英語のmigrationは渡りも含むが、広くさまざまな動物について生息地の移動をいい、かならずしも定期的でも季節的でも往復的でもない移動をも含んでいる。日本語の渡りということばをこの意味に近づけて用いる人もいるが、以下では慣用に従って鳥類の問題に限ることにする。 鳥の渡りは現象的にはさまざまであるが、その一部については別項「渡り鳥」をもあわせて参照されたい。渡りは昼間に行う種と夜間に行う種があり、また群れで行う種と単独で行う種がある。ヒヨドリなど昼間に群れで渡る小鳥もあるが、多くの小鳥は夜間に単独で渡る。ガンやカモは夜間に群れで、ツルは昼間に群れで、タカは昼間に単独で渡る。 [浦本昌紀] 渡りの高度と速度近年のレーダーによる観測によれば、渡りの高度は以前考えられていたよりもかなり高いようである。多くは地上または海上1500メートル以下であるが、数千メートルという記録もある。もちろん、高い山脈を越えるときには、地上すれすれでも海抜高度は高い。 渡りの速度には三つの意味がある。一つは対気飛行速度で、種によって異なるが時速30キロメートルから数十キロメートル程度である。二つ目は対地飛行速度で、これは追い風か向かい風かによって異なる。三つ目は旅行の速さで、これは一度に飛び続ける時間と、休息の回数と日数によって異なるが、この飛行と休息のパターンは種によって、天候によって、また春と秋とでそれぞれ異なる。速いものでは8日で5000キロメートル余りという記録がある。もちろん広い海を一気に越えなければならないときは休息なしに飛び続け、40~50時間で2000~3000キロメートルと考えられる場合もある。しかし、普通の渡り旅行はもっとずっと遅い。 [浦本昌紀] 渡りのルート渡りのルートが遺伝的に決まっているかどうかはしばしば論じられてきたが、現在では、種によって一定の渡りの方向が決まっているだけで、ルートが一定しているようにみえるのは主として地形の影響であると考えられている。この方向と渡りの距離、つまりどれだけ旅行したら渡りが終わるかがどのようにして決まってきたのか、これは渡りの起源つまり進化の問題であるが、現在それについてはっきりしたことは何もわかっていない。 [浦本昌紀] 渡りの生理と航法渡りの仕組みに関しては、二つの問題がある。一つは渡りの生理で、一定の時期に渡りが行われるのはどのような生理的仕組みによるのかである。これは、温帯の鳥については日長の季節変化が下垂体の活動に影響を与え、そこから分泌されるホルモンの働きによって生理状態が変化する、という過程が基本であることがわかっている。しかしこれはあくまでも基本であって、詳細は不明な点が多い。また、日長変化のほとんどない熱帯地方での問題はまだはっきりしていない。もう一つは渡りの方向をどうやって知るのかである。これについては1950年代から太陽または恒星を手掛りにしているとする天体航法説が提唱され、だいたいにおいて認められてきたが、それだけでは説明できない事実もある。近年になって、地磁気を手掛りにしている可能性を示す研究が現れているが、これはまだ広く受け入れられてはいない。 [浦本昌紀] 『桑原万寿太郎著『動物と太陽コンパス』(岩波新書)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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