Acute Pyelonephritis

Japanese: 急性腎盂腎炎 - きゅうせいじんうじんえん(英語表記)Acute Pyelonephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis
[What kind of disease is it?]
This is a disease in which bacteria that have traveled up the urethra and entered the bladder are carried to the kidneys by urine that flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, causing infection in the renal pelvis, renal calyx, and even the renal parenchyma. In rare cases, bacteria that have entered the blood or lymph from another infected area of ​​the body can be carried directly to the kidneys.
Most infections involve only one kidney, but they can also affect both.
[Cause]
Nearly three-quarters of the infectious bacteria are gram-negative bacilli, such as Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Citrobacter.
The remainder are infections caused by gram-positive cocci, such as staphylococci and enterococci (when observed under a microscope, bacteria that stain blue using a method called gram staining are said to be positive, and those that stain red are said to be negative).
Acute pyelonephritis, which occurs in association with cystitis and is common among young women, is almost always caused by Escherichia coli.
The most common route of infection is when the bacteria that caused cystitis travels back up the ureter for some reason and reaches the kidneys (ascending urinary tract infection).
Pyelonephritis is more likely to occur if you have a urinary tract disease that slows down the flow of urine (malformation of the renal pelvis or ureter, stones or cancer in the kidney or ureter, ureteral or urethral stenosis, neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer) or a systemic disease (metabolic diseases such as diabetes and gout, serious diseases, etc.).
In addition, there may be a suppurating lesion somewhere in the body other than the urinary tract, from which the bacteria can enter the bloodstream and be carried to the kidneys (hematogenous infection).
Similarly, it can enter the lymphatic vessels and be carried to the kidneys (lymphatic infection).
These infections occur when the whole body is weakened, and in these cases the causative bacteria are mainly gram-positive cocci, including Staphylococcus aureus.
[Symptoms]
It begins with a chill and a high fever (over 38°C) accompanied by shivering, followed by severe symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and general fatigue.
Local symptoms include pain around the kidneys and lower back pain, and are often accompanied by a frequent urge to urinate, a feeling that the urine is still incomplete, and pain during urination (cystitis symptoms).
In children, these localized symptoms are less prevalent than systemic symptoms such as fever, convulsions, loss of appetite, and vomiting.
On the other hand, in the elderly, systemic symptoms are less likely to appear and they may not develop high fevers, so caution is required.
[Testing and diagnosis]
First, the doctor will ask about your fever. If you plot this on a graph, you will see that your fever rises from the evening to the night, goes down in the morning, and then rises again in the evening (a fever pattern).
During palpation, the doctor checks for any symptoms of cystitis or pain when pressing on the kidney area.
Urine is tested to check for the presence of bacteria, protein, etc.
We also take a blood sample to check the white blood cell count and various substances that indicate the condition of the kidneys.
Once symptoms such as fever have subsided through treatment, an intravenous pyelogram (a test in which a contrast agent is injected into a vein and the area that comes out of the urinary tract mixed with the urine from the kidney is photographed with an X-ray) is performed to check for any obstruction in the urinary tract that may be causing the condition. In addition, if vesicoureteral reflux is suspected, a cystogram is performed to check for urine in the bladder refluxing into the ureter.
[Treatment]
The basic treatment is rest and chemotherapy with antibiotics.
It is important to stay as still as possible and rest as much as possible. For this reason, hospitalization is often necessary.
Drink as much water as possible to increase urine output. If you have nausea and are having difficulty taking in fluids, you will be given an IV drip. Chemotherapy will also be administered at the same time, using injections of antibiotics.
If there is no obstruction to the urinary tract or any morphological abnormalities in the urinary tract, the fever will go down within a few days with this treatment.
Once the symptoms have subsided and the patient is able to eat, the medication will be switched to oral medication and treatment will continue for another 1-2 weeks. For this reason, the length of hospitalization is usually about 2 weeks.
Once the symptoms have subsided, intravenous pyelography and cystography are performed, and if abnormalities in the urinary tract are found, treatment will be necessary.
In children and the elderly, acute pyelonephritis often has some hidden trigger that makes it easy to develop inflammation, so it is a good idea to undergo such an examination at least once. In particular, if the condition recurs several times, you should consult a urologist to find out the cause.
In addition, with this disease, symptoms that seemed to have been cured may recur, and inflammation that had subsided may flare up again. Therefore, it is necessary to follow your doctor's instructions, continue to visit the hospital for at least 2 to 3 months, and continue to have urine tests to monitor your progress.
If there are no abnormalities in the urinary tract, the prognosis after acute pyelonephritis has healed is extremely good, and there are almost no aftereffects such as decreased kidney function.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 尿道(にょうどう)からさかのぼるようにして膀胱(ぼうこう)に入った細菌が、膀胱から尿管(にょうかん)に逆流した尿によって腎臓にまで運ばれ、腎盂や腎杯(じんぱい)、さらに腎実質(じんじっしつ)に感染をおこす病気です。まれに、からだのほかの感染部位から血液やリンパ液に入った細菌が、直接腎臓に運ばれておこることもあります。
 感染の多くは、片側の腎臓にだけおこりますが、両側のこともあります。
[原因]
 感染する細菌は、大腸菌(だいちょうきん)、プロテウス、緑膿菌(りょくのうきん)、クレブシエラ、セラチア、シトロバクターなどのグラム陰性桿菌(いんせいかんきん)といわれるなかまが、ほぼ4分の3を占めます。
 残りは、ブドウ球菌や腸球菌(ちょうきゅうきん)などのグラム陽性球菌(ようせいきゅうきん)のなかまが感染したものです(顕微鏡で観察するとき、グラム染色という方法で菌が青く染まるものを陽性といい、赤く染まるものを陰性という)。
 若い女性に多くみられる、膀胱炎(ぼうこうえん)にともなっておこる急性腎盂腎炎は、ほとんどが大腸菌によるものです。
 感染する経路として、もっとも多いのは、膀胱炎をおこした細菌が、なんらかの原因で尿管をさかのぼって腎臓に達する感染(尿路上行性感染(にょうろじょうこうせいかんせん))です。
 尿の流れを悪くする尿路の病気(腎盂や尿管の形態異常、腎臓や尿管の結石(けっせき)やがん、尿管・尿道の狭窄(きょうさく)、神経因性膀胱(しんけいいんせいぼうこう)、膀胱尿管逆流(ぼうこうにょうかんぎゃくりゅう)、前立腺肥大症(ぜんりつせんひだいしょう)、前立腺がん)、全身の病気(糖尿病や痛風(つうふう)などの代謝(たいしゃ)疾患、重症疾患など)があると、腎盂腎炎がおこりやすくなります。
 また、尿路以外のからだのどこかに化膿(かのう)した病巣(びょうそう)があって、そこから菌が血液中に入り、腎臓に運ばれることもあります(血行性感染(けっこうせいかんせん))。
 同様にして、リンパ管に入って、腎臓に運ばれることもあります(リンパ行感染(こうかんせん))。
 こうした感染は全身が弱ったときにおこりますが、こういう場合、原因となる細菌は、おもにブドウ球菌をはじめとするグラム陽性球菌です。
[症状]
 ぞくぞくするような寒けや、震えをともなった高熱(38℃を超える)で始まり、悪心(おしん)(むかつき)、嘔吐(おうと)、全身の倦怠感(けんたいかん)(だるさ)などの症状が強く出ます。
 局所の症状としては、腎臓のあたりの痛み、腰痛(ようつう)があり、また頻繁(ひんぱん)に尿意を感じたり、残尿感、排尿時の痛みなど(膀胱炎症状)をともなうことがよくあります。
 子どもでは、こうした局所症状よりは、発熱、ひきつけ、食欲不振、嘔吐などの全身症状が主体となります。
 またお年寄りでは、反対に全身症状が現われにくく、高熱が出ないこともありますので、注意が必要です。
[検査と診断]
 まず、問診(もんしん)で熱の状態が聞かれます。グラフにかくと、夕方から夜にかけて熱が上がり、朝いったん下がりますが、また夕方に上がるような曲線(熱型)になるのが特徴です。
 触診(しょくしん)では、膀胱炎症状や腎臓部を押したときの痛みがないかを確かめます。
 尿を検査して、細菌、たんぱく質などが含まれていないか確認します。
 また、血液をとって、白血球(はっけっきゅう)の数や腎臓の状態を示すいろいろな物質を調べます。
 そして、治療によって発熱などの症状がおさまったら、原因となるような尿路の通過障害がないか確かめるため、静脈性腎盂造影(じょうみゃくせいじんうぞうえい)(造影剤を静脈に注射して、腎臓から尿路に尿にまじって出てきたところをX線撮影する検査)を行ないます。また、膀胱尿管逆流(「膀胱尿管逆流」)が疑われる場合は、膀胱造影を行なって、膀胱内の尿が尿管に逆流していないかをみます。
[治療]
 安静と、抗生物質の使用などによる化学療法が基本です。
 できるだけ安静を心がけ、ゆっくり休むことが必要です。そのため多くの場合、入院が必要になります。
 水分をなるべく多くとって、尿の量を増やすようにします。吐(は)き気(け)などがあって水分がとりにくい場合は、点滴をします。また、抗生物質の注射などによる化学療法も同時に行ないます。
 尿路の通過障害、尿路の形態異常がなければ、こうした治療で、数日すれば、熱が下がってきます。
 症状がおさまり、食事がとれるようになったら、内服剤にきりかえて、さらに1~2週間、治療を続けます。このようなことから、入院期間は2週間程度になるのがふつうです。
 症状がおさまった状態で、静脈性腎盂造影や膀胱造影を行ない、尿路に異常が見つかったら、その治療が必要となります。
 子どもやお年寄りの急性腎盂腎炎では、炎症をおこしやすいなんらかの誘因が隠れていることがよくありますので、一度はこのような検査を受けておくとよいでしょう。とくに、何回も再発する場合は、泌尿器科医(ひにょうきかい)に相談して、その原因を調べなければなりません。
 また、この病気は、いったん治ったと思ったものが再発したり、おさまった炎症が再燃したりすることがありますので、医師の指示にしたがって、少なくとも2~3か月は通院して、尿の検査を続けるなどして、経過をみることが必要です。
 尿路に異常がなければ、急性腎盂腎炎が治った後の経過はきわめてよく、腎臓の機能の低下といった後遺症を残すことはほとんどありません。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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