Perfect fluid - perfect fluid

Japanese: 完全流体 - かんぜんりゅうたい
Perfect fluid - perfect fluid

A fluid that ignores viscosity, also known as an ideal fluid. Liquids such as water and oil, and gases such as air and hydrogen gas, that we see around us have the property of being able to freely change shape, and are collectively called fluids. Liquids and gases are made up of particles made up of many atoms and molecules, and these particles are in thermal motion. Looking at the scale of things we experience in our daily lives, the microscopic structure of molecules and atoms can be averaged over time and space, and considered to be objects with continuous physical quantities = continuum. Therefore, the movement of a fluid is described using the velocity, density, pressure, and temperature at each point in space at each time. The basic equation is called the Navier-Stokes equation. By the way, water and air are smooth, while oil is viscous and does not flow easily. This property is called viscosity, and all fluids have viscosity. For example, when you put coffee in a cup and spin the cup, the coffee starts to spin with it because of the existence of viscosity. However, since it is difficult to handle the movement of a fluid that takes viscosity into account, the first step is often to investigate an ideal fluid without viscosity. Such non-viscous fluids are called perfect fluids, and it is known that they can accurately describe smooth flows such as those of water and air.

[Ryo Ikeuchi]

[References] | Aerodynamics | Viscosity | Fluids | Fluid mechanics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

粘性を無視した流体のことで、理想流体ともいう。われわれの身の回りの水や油のような液体、空気や水素ガスのような気体は、自由に形を変えるという性質をもち、一括して流体とよぶ。液体や気体は多数の原子や分子からなる粒子から構成されており、それらの粒子は熱運動をしている。日常経験する範囲の大きさでみれば、分子や原子の微視的構造を時間・空間で平均し、連続的な物理量をもつ物体=連続体とみなすことができる。したがって、流体の運動は、各時刻の空間各点での速度、密度、圧力、温度を用いて記述される。その基本方程式はナビエ‐ストークス方程式とよばれている。ところで、水や空気はさらさらしているのに対し、油は粘りがあり流れにくい。この性質を粘性とよび、すべての流体は粘性をもっている。たとえば、カップにコーヒーを入れカップを回すとコーヒーもいっしょに回り始めるのは、粘性が存在するためである。しかし、粘性を考慮した流体の運動は取扱いがむずかしいため、第一段階として粘性のない理想的な流体を調べることが多い。このような粘性のない流体を完全流体とよび、水や空気のようなさらさらした流れを、よく記述できることがわかっている。

[池内 了]

[参照項目] | 空気力学 | 粘性 | 流体 | 流体力学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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