Salt Lake - Enko

Japanese: 塩湖 - えんこ
Salt Lake - Enko

A lake with a salt content (total concentration of dissolved inorganic salts) of 500 milligrams per liter (0.5‰) or more in the lake water. It is contrasted with a freshwater lake. In inland dry climates where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, a closed lake is formed with no river outflow or groundwater leakage, and the lake water becomes concentrated and salty.

Typical examples of this are the Dead Sea on the border between Israel and Jordan (surface water salinity of about 300 g/l) and the Great Salt Lake in the United States (about 270 g/l), which are lakes with salinity significantly higher than that of seawater (35 g/l). These lakes are also found in Australia and Victoria Land in Antarctica. In inland basins in the desert, flat depressions called playas can become temporarily flooded after heavy rains, forming salt lakes. When seawater is concentrated at room temperature, it takes on a magnesium chloride type of water composition, which is the case in the Dead Sea. In addition to brackish lakes into which seawater flows, they can also be found in volcanic areas such as Kawakami Aonuma (1.5 g/l) in Urabandai, Fukushima Prefecture, and Okama in Zao, Miyagi Prefecture. Unlike freshwater lakes, salt lakes maintain a stable density stratification, so the circulation of the lake water is inactive and stagnant for long periods. They are strongly alkaline, and abnormal stratification of water temperature is often observed.

[Kazunori Mori]

[Reference] | Lakes and ponds

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

湖水中に含まれる塩分(溶存する無機塩類濃度の合計)が1リットル中500ミリグラム(0.5‰)以上の湖。淡水湖に対比される。蒸発散量が降水量を上回るような内陸の乾燥気候下では、河川水の流出も地下水による漏出もない閉塞湖(へいそくこ)が形成され、湖水は濃縮されて塩湖となる。

 イスラエルとヨルダンの国境に位置する死海(表面水の塩分約300g/l)、アメリカ合衆国のグレート・ソルト・レーク(同約270g/l)のように、海水(35g/l)の塩分より著しく濃度の高い湖(鹹湖(かんこ))はその典型であり、オーストラリアや南極ビクトリア・ランドなどにも分布する。砂漠の内陸盆地では、平坦(へいたん)なプラヤplayaとよばれる凹地が豪雨ののち一時的に冠水し、塩湖を形成することがある。海水が常温で濃縮されると塩化マグネシウム型の水質組成となり、死海の場合はこれにあたる。海水が流入する汽水湖のほかにも、福島県裏磐梯(うらばんだい)の川上青沼(1.5g/l)、宮城県蔵王(ざおう)の御釜(おかま)などの火山地域においてみられることがある。塩湖では淡水湖と異なり、安定な密度成層が維持されるため、湖水の循環は不活発で停滞が長く続く。強いアルカリ性を示し、水温の異常成層がみられることが多い。

[森 和紀]

[参照項目] | 湖沼

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