Although the financial activities of national and local governments are essentially continuous, in order to perform effective democratic control functions through budget and accounting systems, as well as management and planning functions, it is necessary to clarify income and expenditures for a certain period of time. This period is called a fiscal year, and budget compilation, execution, and accounting are carried out for the fiscal year. The fiscal year lasts for one year in all countries. However, the start date varies, and care must be taken because in some countries, the fiscal year is called the calendar year that the start date belongs to, as in Japan, and in other countries, the fiscal year is called the calendar year that the end date belongs to, as in the United States. The basic role of a budget is to balance income and expenditure, and it is desirable that the expenses for each fiscal year should be covered by the revenues of that fiscal year. This is called the principle of independent fiscal years or single-year budgeting, and is a principle that places special emphasis on the control function of the budget. However, budgets are becoming an indispensable tool for efficient resource allocation, and in order to carry out management and planning functions, it is not desirable to adhere too rigidly to the principle of independent fiscal years, and exceptional systems such as past year income and expenditure, carryover appropriations, and continuing expenses have been established in Japan. Furthermore, in budgetary system reforms such as the PPBS, the organic relationship between long-term planning and single-year budgets was also emphasized. Companies also set accounting years to calculate assets and profits and losses, and these are also called business years or business years. Companies can set the start and end of their accounting years as they wish in their articles of incorporation, but the Commercial Code requires that companies settle their accounts once a year, so the accounting period must not exceed one year. Currently, many companies in Japan start their accounting year in April and last six months or a year. [Masatoshi Hayashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国および地方公共団体の財政活動は本来継続的なものであるが、予算制度や決算制度を通じて有効な民主的統制機能を果たしたり、管理機能や計画機能などを果たすためには、ある一定期間をくぎって収支を明確にする必要がある。この期間を会計年度といい、予算の編成や執行および決算は会計年度を対象に行われる。会計年度の期間は各国とも1年となっている。しかしその始期はさまざまであるとともに、年度の呼称がわが国のように始期の属する暦年になる場合と、アメリカのように終期の属する暦年になる場合とがあるから注意を要する。 予算の基本的役割は収支の均衡を図ることであり、各会計年度の経費は、その年度の歳入で充当されることが望ましい。これは会計年度独立の原則とか予算単年度主義とよばれるが、とくに予算の統制機能を重視した原則といえる。しかし、予算は効率的な資源配分のためにも不可欠な道具となりつつあり、管理機能や計画機能の遂行のためには、あまりにも硬直的に会計年度独立の原則に固執することは好ましくなく、過年度収支、繰越明許費、継続費などの例外的な制度がわが国でも設けられている。また、PPBSなどの予算制度改革においても、長期的計画策定と単年度予算との有機的関係が強調された。 なお、企業などでも会計年度を設定して財産計算および損益計算を行っており、営業年度、事業年度ともよばれている。企業の場合、会計年度の始期と終期は定款によって任意に定めうるが、商法の規定により、企業は毎年1回は決算を実施することとされているので、会計年度の期間は1年を超えない範囲で設定しなければならない。わが国では現在、4月を始期とし、半年または1年を一会計年度とする企業が多い。 [林 正寿] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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