Airfare - koukuunchin

Japanese: 航空運賃 - こうくううんちん
Airfare - koukuunchin

It is the price paid by users to carriers for air transport services of passengers and cargo. As a result of the international deregulation in the 1990s, airfares and fees in Japan have been completely liberalized since April 2000, but in the past, scheduled passenger and cargo fares for both international and domestic flights had to be approved by the government. International fares were decided at a transportation conference of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), which is an organization of companies operating international flights, by calculating seat occupancy rates, weight occupancy rates, supply and demand, costs, etc., and adding profits. At that time, the world was divided into three regions (Region 1: North and South America, Region 2: Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, Region 3: Asia and Oceania), and fares were decided unanimously by member airlines in each region, and were exempt from the application of antitrust laws in each country. As a result, fare competition arose between non-IATA airlines, charter airlines, and scheduled airlines, which were not bound by this. On the other hand, domestic fares required approval from the Minister of Transport (at the time) under Article 105 of the Aviation Act (Act No. 231 of 1952), but a revision to the Aviation Act in 2000 changed this to a system of advance notification.

There are two types of fares for both passengers and cargo: regular fares and special fares (discount fares). There are three types of international passenger regular fares: first class, business class, and economy class, depending on the service conditions, and there are no restrictions on reservations or boarding. Special fares include promotional special discounts and policy special discounts for routes that are difficult to use. The former are discount fares such as excursion fares and IT (inclusive tour) fares, which are set and sold to develop demand and utilize vacant seats, taking into account the season, travel style, and reservation conditions, etc. In particular, the demand for overseas travel increased sharply due to the introduction of bulk fares (group fares) when jumbo jets were launched (1970), which offered large discounts to group travelers. The latter include fares based on status conditions such as children's fares, student discount fares, and sailor discount fares, as well as discount fares for the physically disabled due to social demand. In addition to the fare, currency adjustment surcharges, excess baggage charges, and fuel surcharges are added to international routes. The amount changes every quarter for each route company.

Since liberalization, many discount fares have been set for domestic passenger flights, and a wide variety of discount fares can be selected depending on the purpose of travel, age, season, time of day, reservation method, etc.

[Masahiro Matsushita]

"Revised Edition: Introduction to Air Transportation" (1980) edited and published by the Japan Aeronautical Association

[Reference] | Freight charges | Air transport | International Air Transport Association | Surcharges

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

旅客・貨物の航空輸送サービスに対して利用者が運送人に支払う対価をいう。1990年代に国際的な規制緩和が進んだ結果、2000年(平成12)4月以降日本の航空運賃・料金は完全に自由化されているが、かつては国際線、国内線とも、定期旅客・貨物運賃は政府の認可を受けなければならなかった。また、国際運賃は、国際線を運航する会社で組織する国際航空運送協会(IATA=イアタ)の運送会議で、座席利用率や重量利用率、需給、コストなどが計算されたうえ利潤がプラスされて決められていた。当時は、世界を3地区に分け(第1地区=南北アメリカ、第2地区=ヨーロッパ・中近東・アフリカ、第3地区=アジア・オセアニア)、その地域内の加盟航空会社の満場一致で決められ、各国の独占禁止法の適用除外になっていた。その結果、これに拘束されないNON‐IATA航空会社、チャーター航空会社と定期航空会社との間に運賃競争が生じた。一方、国内運賃は、航空法(昭和27年法律231号)第105条により運輸大臣(当時)の認可を受ける必要があったが、2000年の航空法改正により、事前届出制となった。

 運賃の種類は旅客・貨物とも普通運賃と特別運賃(割引運賃)がある。国際旅客普通運賃は、サービス条件によりファースト・クラス、ビジネス・クラス、エコノミー・クラスの3種類があり、予約や搭乗に関する制限はない。特別運賃には一定の利用が困難な路線に対する販売促進特別割引と政策特別割引がある。前者は季節、旅行形態、予約条件などを考慮した需要開拓、空席活用のため回遊運賃やIT(inclusive tour包括旅行。ホテル代などの経費が含まれたツアー)運賃などの割引運賃を設定し販売している。とくにジャンボ機の就航時(1970)に導入したバルク運賃bulk fare(団体運賃)により、団体客に対する大幅割引がなされたため海外旅行需要が急増した。後者には小児運賃、学生割引運賃、船員割引運賃など身分条件によるものや、社会的な要請による身体障害者割引運賃などがある。また、運賃以外の料金として、国際線では通貨の調整割増料金、超過手荷物料金、燃油サーチャージが付加されている。路線会社四半期ごとに金額が変わる。

 自由化後の国内線旅客運賃は、多くの割引運賃が設定されており、利用目的、年齢、時期、時間帯、予約方法などにより多彩な割引運賃を選択できる。

[松下正弘]

『日本航空協会編・刊『改訂版 航空輸送概論』(1980)』

[参照項目] | 運賃 | 航空輸送 | 国際航空運送協会 | サーチャージ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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