This refers to H2 molecules with two nuclear spins parallel to each other. Since the nuclear spin quantum number of the proton is 1/2, H2 molecules can have a composite nuclear spin of 0 or 1. Hydrogen with a spin of 0 is called para hydrogen, and hydrogen with a spin of 1 is called ortho hydrogen. When equilibrated at room temperature, the abundance ratio is 1:3 with para hydrogen predominating, and at liquid nitrogen temperature, it is nearly 1:1. The ortho-para conversion occurs due to magnetic influence, so even if the temperature is raised after equilibration at a low temperature, the abundance ratio will remain the same as at low temperature if there is no magnetic field. This is used to study chemical reactions involving hydrogen molecules. The abundance ratio has been measured using the difference in specific heat between para and ortho, but it is now possible to separate and quantify them using low-temperature gas chromatography. In general, the composite nuclear spin quantum number I of a homonuclear diatomic molecule with a nuclear spin quantum number i is expressed as follows: I = 2i - n Here, n is 0 or a positive integer, and when n is even it is called ortho, and when n is odd it is called para. Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
H2 分子のうち,二つの核スピンが平行である H2 分子をいう.陽子の核スピン量子数は1/2なので,H2 分子には合成核スピンが0のものと1のものとがある.0のものをパラ水素,1のものをオルト水素といい,室温で平衡にすると存在比は1:3でパラ水素が多くなり,液体窒素温度ではほぼ1:1である.オルト-パラの転換は磁気的な影響で起こるので,低温で平衡にしたのち温度を上昇させても,磁場の作用がなければ存在比は低温のときのままに保たれる.これを利用して水素分子の関係する化学反応が研究されている.存在比はパラとオルトの比熱の相違を利用して測定されてきたが,現在は低温ガスクロマトグラフィーで分離定量できるようになっている.一般に,核スピン量子数がiであるような等核二原子分子の合成核スピン量子数Iは,次のように表される. I = 2i - n ここで,nは0または正の整数で,nが偶数のときをオルト,奇数のときをパラという. 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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