A membrane with ion exchange function. It is also called a selectively permeable membrane. It is a membrane made of ion exchange resin with extremely small pores that have a mesh structure that allows water or organic solvents to penetrate. It was developed by combining research on biological membranes and electrochemistry, and is characterized by its extremely high selective permeability to ions. [Hiroshi Kakiuchi] historyThe selective permeability of ions in biological cell membranes was noticed at the beginning of the 20th century, and at the same time, research on synthetic membranes progressed. A significant advance was made with the theory of selective permeability proposed by KH Meyer et al. and T. Teorell around 1935. Polyacrylic acid and cellulose acetate membranes were studied based on this theory, but this academic research was combined with research on ion exchange resins to produce highly functional ion exchange membranes that made it possible to efficiently concentrate and desalinate electrolytes and have been put to practical use in many areas. [Hiroshi Kakiuchi] structureBased on the structure of the membrane, they are broadly classified into three types: heterogeneous membranes, semi-homogeneous membranes, and homogeneous membranes. Heterogeneous ion exchange membranes are made by dispersing fine powder of ion exchange resin into a colloidal form using an appropriate film-forming binder, such as polyethylene, polystyrene, phenolic resin, or synthetic rubber, and then heating it to form a membrane. This membrane is easy to manufacture and gives a stable membrane, but because of its poor electrical conductivity, it began to fall out of use around 1970, and its use is rarely seen. Semi-homogeneous ion exchange membranes appear to be homogeneous, but the membrane-constituting polymeric substance and the ion-exchange substance are intertwined to increase the mechanical strength. The last homogeneous membrane is the most typical ion exchange membrane, and is a membrane with a structure in which the entire membrane is chemically bonded by a high degree of cross-linking, and many ion-exchange groups are uniformly distributed. It has inferior mechanical strength compared to heterogeneous membranes, but good electrical conductivity. To reinforce the mechanical strength, a reinforcing agent or a reinforcing material such as a net is added to make it into a composite. Specifically, a paste containing styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) is coated with polyvinyl chloride as a reinforcing agent, then heated, and an exchange group is then introduced. [Hiroshi Kakiuchi] Introduction of exchange groupsThe ion exchange groups are the same as those of ion exchange resins, and there are cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes. Special ion exchange membranes that have been put to practical use include amphoteric ion exchange membranes, in which acidic and basic groups are uniformly distributed within the same membrane, and composite ion exchange membranes in which both types of ion exchange membranes are bonded together. [Hiroshi Kakiuchi] Features and ApplicationsIon exchange membranes not only have a different shape from ion exchange resin granules to membranes, but also have unique properties that ion exchange resins do not have. Its most distinctive feature is the selective permeability between ions of opposite charge; cations pass through a cation exchange membrane, and anions through an anion exchange membrane, while ions of the opposite charge have difficulty passing through. This selective permeability is related to the ion's transport number (the rate at which an ion is transported). Ion exchange membranes are often used in electrodialysis, so they require electrical conductivity with little resistance to the ion permeability of the membrane. Industrial salt production is carried out using the ion exchange method, which uses ion exchange membranes. A dialysis tank is made of alternating cation and anion exchange membranes that selectively allow monovalent ions such as Na + and Cl - to pass through, while divalent ions such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO 4 2- and CO 3 2- are difficult to pass through, and seawater is concentrated by electrodialysis using direct current. With the adoption of this method, all salt fields in Japan have disappeared except for those used for tourism. It is also used as a method of desalinating seawater to provide tap water for Shikinejima, Izu Oshima and other islands, and is also effectively used for fresh water at thermal power plants. Another well-known diaphragm used in the electrolytic caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) production method that replaces the mercury method is Nafion (a fluororesin-based homogeneous membrane made by DuPont in the United States, with sulfonic acid as the exchange group). In Japan, membranes with carboxyl groups instead of sulfonic acid groups have also been developed. [Hiroshi Kakiuchi] "Ion Exchange Resin Membranes" by Yamabe Takeo and Senoo Manabu (1964, Gihodo)" ▽ "Membranes and Ions" by Hanai Tetsuya (1978, Kagaku Dojin)" ▽ "Technical Report: The Latest Application Technology of Ion Exchange Resins and Membranes" (1982, CMC Publishing)" ▽ "Ion Exchange Membranes for Engineers" by Yawataya Tadashi (1982, Kyoritsu Publishing)" ▽ "Introduction to Polymer Materials - New Material Developments Aiming for Advanced Functions" edited by the Society of Polymer Science (1986, Kyoritsu Publishing)" ▽ "Development of Ion Exchange Membranes for Solid Molecular Fuel Cells" by Rikukawa Masahiro et al. (2000, CMC Publishing)" ▽ "Being a Researcher - 45 Years Starting with Ion Exchange Membranes" by Mizutani Yukio (2000, NTS) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |(1) The state where H and Na are exchanged in the ion exchange resin. (2) The state where Na passes through the ion exchange membrane. ©Shogakukan "> Differences between ion exchange resins and ion exchange membranes Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イオン交換機能をもった膜。選択透過膜ともいう。イオン交換樹脂を膜状にしたもので、その膜にきわめて小さい空孔があり、この中に水あるいは有機溶媒の浸入が可能な網目構造をもつ膜である。生体膜の研究と電気化学的研究とが結び付いて開発されたもので、イオンの選択透過性がきわめて大きいという特徴がある。 [垣内 弘] 歴史生体の細胞膜にイオンの選択透過性のあることが20世紀の初めに注目され、同時に合成膜の研究が進んだ。1935年ごろに提出されたマイヤーK. H. MeyerらとスレルT. Teorellの選択透過性の理論によって大幅に進歩した。この理論に基づいてポリアクリル酸・酢酸セルロース膜などが検討されてきたが、この学問的研究とイオン交換樹脂の研究とが集約化されて、高度の性能をもつイオン交換膜が出現し、電解質の濃縮および脱塩を効率よく行うことが可能となり、多方面に実用化している。 [垣内 弘] 構造膜の構造から不均質膜、半均質膜、均質膜の三つに大別される。不均質イオン交換膜は、イオン交換樹脂の微粉末を、適当な造膜性の結合剤、たとえばポリエチレン、ポリスチレン、フェノール樹脂、合成ゴムなどを用いてコロイド状に分散させ、加熱して膜状に成形したものである。この膜は製造が容易であり、安定した膜を与えるが、導電性が劣るので1970年ごろには廃れはじめ、これを使用する例はほとんど見られなくなっている。半均質イオン交換膜は、膜は見かけ上均質膜になっているが、膜構成高分子物質とイオン交換性物質とが絡み合って機械的強度が増大したものである。最後の均質膜がイオン交換膜として代表的なもので、膜全体が高度の架橋によって化学的に結合し、多数のイオン交換基が均一に分布した構造の膜である。不均質膜に比べて機械的強度は劣るが導電性がよい。機械的強度を補強するために補強剤を入れたり、網などの補強材を入れて複合化する。具体的にはスチレンとジビニルベンゼン(DVB)とを含むペーストを補強剤としてポリ塩化ビニルで被覆後加熱し、のち交換基を導入するなどの方式が多い。 [垣内 弘] 交換基の導入イオン交換基はイオン交換樹脂の場合と同じであり、陽イオン交換膜、陰イオン交換膜とがあるが、特殊なものとして、同一膜中に酸性基と塩基性基とが均一に分布する両性イオン交換膜、また両イオン交換膜をそれぞれはり合わせた複合イオン交換膜などが実用化されている。 [垣内 弘] 特徴と応用イオン交換膜は、形状がイオン交換樹脂の粒状から膜状に変わっただけでなく、イオン交換樹脂にない特異な性質をもっている。 最大の特徴は異符号イオン間の選択透過性であり、陽イオン交換膜では陽イオンを、陰イオン交換膜では陰イオンが通過し、反対荷電のイオンの通過は困難である。この選択透過性はイオンの輸率(ゆりつ)(イオンがどのくらい運ばれるかの割合)と関係している。イオン交換膜は多くの場合、電気透析に用いられるので、膜のイオン透過性に対し抵抗の少ない導電性を必要とする。 食塩の工業的製造はイオン交換膜を用いたイオン交換法で行っている。Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、CO32-などの2価イオンが透過しにくく、Na+、Cl-のような1価イオンを選択的に透過する陽イオン交換膜と陰イオン交換膜を交互に並べた透析槽をつくり、直流を通じる電気透析を行い、海水を濃縮する。この方法の採用により、日本の塩田は観光用を除いてすべて姿を消した。また海水の淡水化方式として式根島、伊豆大島その他の水道水に採用されているし、火力発電所の淡水用にも有効に利用されている。ほかには、水銀法にかわる電解カ性ソーダ(水酸化ナトリウム)製造法の隔膜としてナフィオンNafion(アメリカのデュポン社のフッ素樹脂系均質膜で、スルホン酸が交換基)が有名である。日本ではスルホン酸基のかわりにカルボキシ基(カルボキシル基)をもった膜も開発されている。 [垣内 弘] 『山辺武郎・妹尾学著『イオン交換樹脂膜』(1964・技報堂)』▽『花井哲也著『膜とイオン』(1978・化学同人)』▽『『テクニカルレポート イオン交換樹脂・膜の最新応用技術』(1982・シーエムシー出版)』▽『八幡屋正著『エンジニアのためのイオン交換膜』(1982・共立出版)』▽『高分子学会編『入門 高分子材料――高度機能をめざす新しい材料展開』(1986・共立出版)』▽『陸川政弘ほか著『固体分子型燃料電池用イオン交換膜の開発』(2000・シーエムシー出版)』▽『水谷幸雄著『研究者であること――イオン交換膜でスタートした45年』(2000・エヌ・ティー・エス)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |(1)イオン交換樹脂内におけるHとNaの入れ替わる状態(2)イオン交換膜中をNaが通過する状態©Shogakukan"> イオン交換樹脂とイオン交換膜との相違模… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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