Cabral, Amilcar

Japanese: カブラル（英語表記）Cabral， Amilcar

Born: September 12, 1924 in Bafata
Died January 20, 1973. Leader of the liberation movement in Conakry, Guinea-Bissau. After attending high school in São Vicente, he studied at the Agronomia Superior Institute in Lisbon. In 1948, he founded the African Studies Center in Lisbon together with Angolans A. Neto and JP Andrade. From 1950 to 1954, he worked as an agricultural engineer in the Portuguese government in Guinea-Bissau, then in Angola on a sugar plantation. In September 1956, he organized the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) and began the liberation movement. In December of the same year, he returned to Angola and founded the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) with his old friend Neto. In the wake of the Piziguiti massacre in August 1959, he began preparations for armed struggle, beginning full-scale armed struggle in December 1962. In March 1965, about 40% of Guinea-Bissau was liberated, in February 1968, about two-thirds, and in the first half of 1972, about three-quarters. Furthermore, under the leadership of the party, he worked hard to reorganize and develop the social and economic areas of the liberated areas. Based on these achievements, Guinea-Bissau declared independence in September 1973, but prior to that, he was assassinated by a Portuguese in neighboring Guinea in January of the same year. A militant intellectual armed with Marxist theory, he wrote many books, including Revolution in Guinea (1970).

Cabral
Cabral, Luís de Almeida

Born April 11, 1931 in Bissau, Portuguese Guinea.
Died: May 30, 2009. Lisbon, Portugal. Leader of the liberation movement in Guinea-Bissau and politician. Together with his half-brother Amílcar Cabral, he participated in the founding of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) in 1956, and served as a member of the party's Politburo and Central Committee until 1970. During this time, he became Secretary-General of the National Union of Labor of Guinea-Bissau in 1961. From 1970 to 1972, he was in charge of the reconstruction of the liberated areas, and in 1972, he became Deputy Secretary-General of the party. In January 1973, his brother Amílcar was assassinated, and in September of the same year, Guinea-Bissau declared independence and he became President of the National Council, the head of state. In 1974, the colonial power Portugal formally recognized the independence. He was re-elected in 1977, but was ousted as head of state in a military coup in 1980.

Cabral
Cabral, Pedro Álvares

[Born] 1467? Belmonte
[Died] 1520? Santarém?
Portuguese navigator. After Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India, he left Lisbon on March 8, 1500, under the orders of Manuel I (the Fortunate) to establish diplomatic relations with the King of Calicut. However, he took a southwestern route through the Atlantic Ocean and reached Brazil on April 22 of the same year, which he made Portuguese territory. He continued his voyage and was obstructed by Muslim merchants in Calicut, but succeeded in purchasing spices in Cochin, bringing great wealth to Lisbon. However, he later incurred the displeasure of the King, left the court, and died in obscurity.

Cabral
Cabral, Francisco

Born: 1528 Covilhã
Died April 16, 1609. A Portuguese Jesuit from Goa. He joined the Society in Goa and came to Japan in 1570 as the second head of the Japanese mission. He was not familiar with Japanese customs, discriminated against Japanese believers, and opposed the training of Japanese priests. He tried to appease the warring lords of the warring states through trade and other means, and to use them for missionary work. He had a disagreement with the visitor Valignano over missionary policy, and in 1580 he resigned as head of the Japanese mission and moved to Macau.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1924.9.12. バファタ
[没]1973.1.20. コナクリ
ギニアビサオの解放運動指導者。サンビセンテの高校を経てリスボンのアグロノミア高等学院に学んだ。アンゴラ出身の A.ネト，J.P.アンドラーデらとともに，1948年リスボンにアフリカ研究センターを設立。 50～54年農業技師としてギニアビサオのポルトガル政庁に，次いでアンゴラに渡り砂糖農園に勤務。 56年9月ギニア・カーボベルデ独立アフリカ党 PAIGCを組織し，解放運動に着手。同年 12月再びアンゴラに渡り，旧友ネトとともにアンゴラ解放人民運動 MPLAを創設。 59年8月のピジギティ虐殺事件を契機に武装闘争の準備にかかり，62年 12月より本格的な武装闘争開始。 65年3月にはギニアビサオの約 40%を，68年2月には約3分の2を，72年前半には約4分の3を解放，さらに党の指導のもとで解放区内の社会的，経済的再編と発展に尽力。こうした成果をもとにギニアビサオは 73年9月に独立宣言を行なったが，それに先立つ同年1月隣国ギニアでポルトガル側の人間に暗殺された。マルクス主義によって理論武装した戦闘的知識人で，『ギニアの革命』 Revolution in Guinea (1970) ほか多数の著書がある。

カブラル
Cabral, Luís de Almeida

[生]1931.4.11. ポルトガル領ギニア，ビサオ
[没]2009.5.30. ポルトガル，リスボン
ギニアビサオの解放運動指導者，政治家。異母兄のアミルカル・カブラルとともに 1956年ギニア・カーボベルデ独立アフリカ党 PAIGC創設に参画し，1970年まで同党政治局員兼中央委員会委員を務めた。この間の 1961年にギニアビサオ労働全国同盟書記長に就任。1970～72年解放区再建問題の責任者，1972年党副書記長。1973年1月兄アミルカルが暗殺され，同年 9月ギニアビサオが独立を宣言するとともに国家元首の国家評議会議長に就任した。1974年宗主国ポルトガルが正式に独立を承認した。1977年再選されたが，1980年軍部のクーデターにより元首の座を追われた。

カブラル
Cabral， Pedro Álvares

[生]1467?　ベルモンテ
[没]1520?　サンタレン?
ポルトガルの航海者。バスコ・ダ・ガマのインド航路発見後，カリカットの国王と外交関係を結ぶために，マヌエル1世 (幸運王)の命を受けて 1500年3月8日リスボンを出港したが，大西洋航路を南西にとった結果，同年4月 22日ブラジルに到達，これをポルトガル領とした。そのまま航海を続け，カリカットではイスラム商人の妨害にあったが，コーチンで香料の買付けに成功し，リスボンに多大の富をもたらした。しかし，その後，国王の不興を買い，宮廷を去って不遇のうちに死去した。

カブラル
Cabral， Francisco

[生]1528. コビリャン
[没]1609.4.16. ゴア
ポルトガル人のイエズス会士。ゴアで同会に入り，元亀1 (1570) 年第2代日本布教長として来日。日本の風習になじまず，日本人信者らを差別し，日本人司祭の養成に反対した。戦国大名を貿易などで懐柔し，布教に利用しようとして，巡察師バリニャーノと布教方針について対立，80年布教長を辞任，マカオに転出した。

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